Table 1.

Comparison of demographic variables and the pretest variables for the instructional training versus the self-reliant textbook studying group

Demographics	Instructional Training (n = 12)	Textbook Studying (n = 13)	T Value/P Value
Sex	7 female, 5 male	8 female, 5 male
Age	Mean, 25.5 (SD, 1.2)	Mean, 26.9 (SD, 2.25)	1.96/0.07
	Range, 24–27	Range, 24–31
Semester	Mean, 12.25 (SD, 1.2)	Mean, 11.7 (SD, 0.9)	−1.34/0.18
	Range, 11–14	Range, 11–14
Initial levels of knowledge and skills achieved in the pretest
Knowledge	Mean score, 57 (SD, 12)	Mean score, 58 (SD, 13)	0.26/0.74
	Range, 40–78	Range, 41–82
Skills	Mean score, 14 (SD, 11)	Mean score, 10 (SD, 8.1)	−0.84/0.41
	Range, 0–39	Range, 0–28

Definition of abbreviation: SD = standard deviation.

Group differences were tested with Student's t test for independent samples.