Figure 3.

ACF inhibits SARS-CoV-2 replication in vitro

(A) Cytotoxicity of ACF in four cell culture systems employing cell lines (A549^ACE2+, Vero cells, HCT-8 cells) and primary human skin fibroblasts (HSF).

(B) Inhibition of virus replication by ACF in A549^ACE2+ (left) and Vero (right) cells. The figure shows qRT-PCR analysis of cell culture supernatants infected with SARS-CoV-2 at 1,600 TCID₅₀/mL 24 h post-infection.

(C) Time-of-addition study. The inhibition of virus replication in A549^ACE2+ cells (left) or Vero cells (right) by ACF added at different times post-infection (time denoted on the x axis). The figure shows qRT-PCR analysis of cell culture supernatants infected with SARS-CoV-2 at 1,600 TCID₅₀/mL) 24 h post-infection. All experiments were performed in at least three biological repetitions, each in triplicate. The results are presented as average values with standard deviations (error bars). ∗Significantly different from the control (p < 0.05).