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. 2022 Jan 11;29(5):774–784.e8. doi: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2021.11.006

Figure 4.

Figure 4

ACF blocks SARS-CoV-2 replication in vitro and ex vivo

(A) Inhibition of virus replication by ACF in A549ACE2+ cells visualized with confocal microscopy. Cells were infected with SARS-CoV-2 in the presence of 500 nM ACF, 10 μM remdesivir (REM), or vehicle control (control) for 24 and 48 h. Cell nuclei are denoted in blue, actin is denoted in red, and SARS-CoV-2 N protein is denoted in green. Each image represents maximum projection of a 5 μm section. Scale bar, 20 μm.

(B) Antiviral activity of ACF against SARS-CoV-2 in human airway epithelium (MucilAir). The figure shows qRT-PCR analysis of HAE culture supernatants infected with SARS-CoV-2. REM and PBS were used as controls. The assay was performed at least in duplicate, and median values with range are presented. Two-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s post hoc test indicated that ACF and REM significantly inhibited virus yields during infection course compared with untreated control.

(C) Confocal analysis of infected HAE cultures. Cells were infected with SARS-CoV-2 in the presence of 500 nM ACF, 10 μM REM, or vehicle control (control). Mock images illustrate non-infected cells. On day 6 post-infection, cells were fixed and immunostained. Cell nuclei are denoted in blue, actin is denoted in red, and SARS-CoV-2 N protein is denoted in green. Each image represents maximum projection of a 3 μm section. Scale bar, 10 μm.