Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of the Participants
| Characteristic | CON (n = 40) | AEX (n = 40) | REX (n = 40) | COMB (n = 40) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 70 ± 5 | 70 ± 4 | 70 ± 5 | 70 ± 5 |
| Sex, number (%) | ||||
| Male | 12 (30) | 14 (35) | 15 (37) | 16 (40) |
| Female | 28 (70) | 26 (65) | 25 (63) | 24 (60) |
| Race, number (%)* | ||||
| White | 36 (90) | 36 (90) | 33 (83) | 35 (88) |
| Black | 1 (3) | 0 (0) | 3 (7) | 2 (5) |
| Other | 3 (7) | 4 (10) | 4 (10) | 3 (7) |
| Ethnicity, number (%)* | ||||
| Hispanic or Latino | 13 (33) | 13 (33) | 12 (30) | 12 (30) |
| Not Hispanic or Latino | 27 (67) | 27 (67) | 27 (67) | 28 (70) |
| Unknown | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (3) | 0 (0) |
| PPT score | 28.6 ± 3.0 | 29.3 ± 2.0 | 28.8 ± 2.3 | 27.9 ± 2.6 |
| VO2peak (mL/kg/min) | 17.0 ± 3.5 | 17.6 ± 3.0 | 17.0 ± 3.6 | 17.2 ± 3.9 |
| Weight (kg) | 97.9 ± 18.5 | 96.9 ± 15.0 | 101.8 ± 18.5 | 99.0 ± 18.1 |
| Height (cm) | 163.4 ± 11.6 | 164.8 ± 15.3 | 166.5 ± 11.9 | 165.6 ± 9.2 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 36.7 ± 5.0 | 35.9 ± 4.4 | 36.7 ± 5.8 | 35.8 ± 4.5 |
| Fat mass (kg) | 43.0 ± 9.4 | 41.9 ± 8.0 | 44.3 ± 9.3 | 42.5 ± 10.3 |
| Lean body mass (kg) | 54.9 ± 14.5 | 55.0 ± 12.0 | 58.1 ± 14.8 | 56.5 ± 1.16 |
| Chronic diseases (no.)† | 3.2 ± 3.4 | 2.6 ± 2.7 | 3.6 ± 3.9 | 2.7 ± 2.0 |
| Chronic medications (no.)‡ | 5.5 ± 4.3 | 5.7 ± 3.4 | 6.2 ± 5.7 | 5.7 ± 4.0 |
Notes: Groups: CON = control; AEX = weight management and aerobic training; REX = weight management and resistance training; COMB = weight management and combined aerobic and resistance training; PPT = Modified Physical Performance Test; VO2peak = peak oxygen consumption. Plus–minus values are means ± SD. There were no significant differences among groups (all p > .05).
*Race and ethnic group were reported by participants.
†Chronic diseases included hypertension, diabetes, coronary artery disease, congestive heart failure, arthritis, and chronic lung disease.
‡Routine medications included antihypertensive, antidiabetic, antidyspeptic, antianginal, diuretics, antiarthritic, antilipidemic, and antidepressants.