Table 1.
Patient Demographics and Preoperative, Intraoperative, and Postoperative Parameters for the Entire Cohort According to Exposure to Preoperative Diuretics
| Variable | All patients | Preoperative diuretic use | No preoperative diuretic use | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 300 | 157 | 143 | 0.420 |
| Sex, n (% male) | 158 (53) | 81 (52) | 77 (54) | 0.696 |
| Age, mo, mean (95% CI) | 5.98 (5.7–6.2) | 5.4 (5.1–5.7) | 6.7 (6.2–7.1) | <0.001 |
| Weight, kg, mean (95% CI) | 5.8 (5.7–6) | 5.2 (5.1–5.4) | 6.4 (6.2–6.7) | <0.001 |
| Diagnosis, n (%) | ||||
| TOF | 60 (20) | 3 | 57 | <0.001 |
| AVSD | 42 (14) | 33 | 9 | <0.001 |
| Ventricular septal defect | 137 (45.7) | 102 | 35 | <0.001 |
| Double outlet right ventricle | 21 (7) | 8 | 13 | 0.286 |
| TOF/multiple aortopulmonary collateral arteries | 5 (1.7) | 1 | 4 | 0.208 |
| Total anomalous pulmonary venous return | 12 (4) | 4 | 8 | 0.266 |
| TOF/AVSD | 3 (1) | 0 | 3 | N/A |
| Other | 20 (6.7) | 6 | 14 | 0.072 |
| Preoperative parameters | ||||
| Risk adjustment for surgery for congenital heart surgery | ||||
| 1 | 1 (0.3) | 0 | 1 | N/A |
| 2 | 202 (67.3) | 105 | 97 | 0.575 |
| 3 | 89 (29.7) | 49 | 40 | 0.343 |
| 4 | 8 (2.7) | 3 | 5 | 0.517 |
| Aristotle score, mean (95% CI) | 8 (1.9) | 7.7 (7.4–8) | 8.3 (8–8.6) | 0.007 |
| Intraoperative parameters | ||||
| Cardiopulmonary bypass time, min, mean (95% CI) | 90.2 (85.2–95.2) | 81.2 (75.1–87.3) | 100.4 (92.4–108.4) | <0.001 |
| Cross‐clamp time, min, mean (95% CI) | 53.3 (50–56.6) | 50.5 (45.8–55.2) | 56.5 (51.7–61.3) | 0.085 |
| Hypotension, n (%) | 62 (21) | 35 | 27 | 0.449 |
| Vasoactive agent use, n (%) | 52 (17) | 26 | 26 | 0.711 |
| Postoperative parameters | ||||
| Ventilation (invasive/noninvasive), n (%) | 71 (24) | 30 | 41 | 0.052 |
| Vasoactive agent use, n (%) | 126 (42) | 52 | 74 | 0.001 |
| Junctional rhythm, n (%) | 49 (16) | 27 | 22 | 0.671 |
| Heart block, n (%) | 17 (5.7) | 7 | 10 | 0.343 |
| Cardiac arrest, n (%) | 4 (1.3) | 0 | 4 | 0.050 |
| Extracorporeal life support, n (%) | 4 (1.3) | 1 | 3 | 0.351 |
| Mortality, n (%) | 3 (1) | 1 | 2 | 0.607 |
| Cardiac intensive care unit admission duration, d, mean, (95% CI) | 2.8 (1.8–3.8) | 2.2 (1.7–2.7) | 3.5 (1.5–5.5) | 0.190 |
| Hospital admission duration, d, mean, (95% CI) | 5.8 (4.8–6.8) | 5 (4.5–5.5) | 6.7 (4.6–8.8) | 0.109 |
Results from univariate analysis are shown. Vasoactive agents include any of epinephrine, dopamine, and/or milrinone. AVSD indicates atrioventricular septal defect; and TOF, tetralogy of Fallot.