Table 2.
Patient Demographics and Parameters Evaluated From Preoperative, Intraoperative, and Postoperative Course With Respect to the Presence or Absence of Postoperative Acute Kidney Injury
| Variable | CS‐AKI | No CS‐AKI | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) | 149 (49.7) | 151 (50.3) | 0.91 |
| AKI stage 1, n (%) | 80 (54) | / | |
| AKI stage 2, n (%) | 57 (38) | / | |
| AKI stage 3, n (%) | 12 (8) | / | |
| Sex, n | |||
| Male | 74 | 84 | 0.3 |
| Female | 75 | 67 | |
| Age, mo, mean (95% CI) | 6.5 (6.1–6.9) | 5.5 (5.1–5.9) | <0.001 |
| Weight, kg, mean (95% CI) | 6.1 (5.8–6.3) | 5.6 (5.3–5.8) | 0.02 |
| Diagnosis, n (%) | |||
| TOF | 43 (72) | 17 (28) | <0.001 |
| AVSD | 23 (55) | 19 (45) | 0.54 |
| VSD | 51 (37) | 86 (63) | 0.003 |
| DORV | 14 (67) | 7 (33) | 0.13 |
| TOF/multiple aortopulmonary collateral arteries | 3 (60) | 2 (40) | 0.65 |
| Total anomalous pulmonary venous return | 2 (17) | 10 (83) | 0.013 |
| TOF/AVSD | 3 (100) | 0 (0) | N/A |
| Other | 10 (50) | 10 (50) | 1 |
| Preoperative parameters | |||
| Risk adjustment for surgery for congenital heart surgery‐1 | |||
| 1 | 1 | 0 | 0.3 |
| 2 | 94 | 108 | |
| 3 | 50 | 39 | |
| 4 | 4 | 4 | |
| Aristotle score, mean (95% CI) | 8.3 (8.0–8.6) | 7.7 (7.4–8.0) | 0.004 |
| Diuretic use, n | |||
| All patients | 65 | 92 | 0.03 |
| AVSD+VSD+DORV | 61 | 82 | 0.08 |
| Intra‐operative parameters | |||
| Cardiopulmonary bypass time, min, mean (95% CI) | 99.7 (91.4–108.0) | 81.2 (75.5–86.0) | <0.001 |
| Cross‐clamp time, min, mean (95% CI) | 58.7 (53.5–63.9) | 48.1 (43.8–52.4) | 0.002 |
| Hypotension, n | 28 | 34 | 0.44 |
| Vasoactive agent use, n | 29 | 23 | 0.33 |
| Postoperative parameters | |||
| Ventilation (invasive/noninvasive), n | 37 | 34 | 0.64 |
| Vasoactive agent use, n | 69 | 57 | 0.13 |
| Junctional rhythm, n | 24 | 25 | 0.92 |
| Heart block, n | 11 | 6 | 0.2 |
| Cardiac arrest, n | 4 | 0 | N/A |
| Extracorporeal life support, n | 3 | 1 | N/A |
| Mortality, n | 3 | 0 | N/A |
| Cardiac intensive care unit admission duration, d, mean (±SD) | 2.9 (2.3–3.5) | 2.8 (0.8–4.7) | 0.89 |
| Hospital admission duration, d, mean (±SD) | 6.1 (5.4–6.8) | 5.5 (3.6–7.5) | 0.55 |
Results from univariate analysis are shown. Vasoactive agents include any of epinephrine, dopamine, and/or milrinone. AVSD indicates atrioventricular septal defect; CS‐AKI, cardiac surgery associated acute kidney injury; DORV, double outlet right ventricle; TOF, tetralogy of Fallot; and VSD, ventricular septal defect.