Table 4.
Baseline Patient Characteristics and In‐Hospital Outcomes Stratified by Sex for Infective Endocarditis Hospitalizations Undergoing Cardiac Valve Replacement Surgery From 2004 to 2015
| Men (N=5529) | Women (N=2518) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics (%) | |||
| Mean age, y | 52.83 | 52.97 | 0.38 |
| Elective admission | 19.15% | 19.91% | 0.44 |
| Organisms | |||
| Staphylococcus endocarditis | 22.96% | 27.14% | <0.001 |
| Streptococcus endocarditis | 34.90% | 29.65% | <0.001 |
| Gram‐negative endocarditis | 8.86% | 7.19% | 0.013 |
| Enterococcus endocarditis | 3.94% | 2.65% | 0.005 |
| Fungus endocarditis | 1.20% | 1.18% | >0.99 |
| Risk factors and comorbidities | |||
| Drug abuse | 20.62% | 18.75% | 0.056 |
| Congenital heart disease | 13.07% | 10.57% | <0.001 |
| Hepatitis C | 10.82% | 13.04% | 0.005 |
| Chronic rheumatic heart disease | 16.30% | 19.91% | <0.001 |
| Infection of cardiac device/implant (prosthetic valve endocarditis) | 12.16% | 10.57% | 0.040 |
| Prior valve replacement | 1.86% | 1.47% | 0.246 |
| Prior PCI | 1.13% | 0.96% | 0.526 |
| Prior CABG | 1.94% | 1.02% | 0.004 |
| Congestive heart failure | 45.93% | 46.85% | 0.455 |
| Cardiac arrhythmias | 43.12% | 39.60% | 0.003 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 22.73% | 18.76% | <0.001 |
| Coronary artery disease | 18.16% | 14.12% | <0.001 |
| Liver cirrhosis | 2.46% | 1.28% | 0.001 |
| Coagulopathy | 18.63% | 22.11% | 0.003 |
| Diabetes controlled | 10.93% | 11.28% | 0.665 |
| Diabetes uncontrolled | 3.23% | 3.89% | 0.153 |
| Hypertension controlled | 21.77% | 19.84% | 0.054 |
| Hypertension uncontrolled | 15.58% | 18.06% | 0.006 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 5.83% | 4.60% | 0.027 |
| Smoking | 5.52% | 3.39% | <0.001 |
| Solid tumor without metastasis | 1.12% | 0.86% | 0.370 |
| Metastatic cancer | 0.42% | 0.44% | >0.99 |
| Malnutrition disorder | 11.54% | 14.70% | <0.001 |
| Cardiogenic shock | 8.78% | 8.37% | 0.590 |
| Myocardial infarction | 6.39% | 5.53% | 0.147 |
| Mechanical ventilation | 10.20% | 14.41% | <0.001 |
| Blood transfusion | 38.99% | 41.13% | 0.071 |
| Demographics | |||
| Race/ethnicity | |||
| White | 72.25% | 70.73% | 0.002* |
| Black | 13.13% | 16.45% | |
| Hispanic | 8.99% | 6.98% | |
| Hospital bed size | |||
| Small | 5.56% | 5.38% | 0.576 |
| Medium | 17.64% | 18.56% | |
| Large | 76.60% | 76.02% | |
| Hospital region | |||
| Northeast | 22.82% | 21.97% | 0.005 |
| Midwest | 21.34% | 18.57% | |
| South | 36.46% | 39.60% | |
| West | 19.36% | 16.57% | |
| In‐hospital outcomes | |||
| Mortality | 6.99% | 9.94% | <0.001 |
| Stroke | 13.34% | 14.22% | 0.307 |
| Length of stay, mean (SD), d | 20.87 (15.84) | 23.21 (17.49) | <0.001 |
CABG indicates coronary artery bypass graft; and PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention.
*
P value applies to all three races.