Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics
|
All patients n=920 |
Cardiovascular event n=191 |
No cardiovascular event n=729 |
P value* | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, median (range), y | 24 (16–74) | 31 (17–72) | 23 (16–74) | <0.001 |
| Women, n (%) | 365 (40) | 58 (30) | 307 (42) | 0.004 |
| Age at initial CoA repair, median (range), y | 4 (0–67) | 6 (0–67) | 3 (0–61) | <0.001 |
| Type of initial CoA repair, n (%) | 0.02 | |||
| Surgery | 863 (94) | 173 (91) | 690 (95) | |
| Balloon angioplasty | 19 (2) | 9 (5) | 10 (1) | |
| Stenting | 38 (4) | 9 (5) | 29 (4) | |
| Type of surgical repair, n (%) † | 0.005 | |||
| End‐to‐end anastomosis | 474 (55) | 87 (50) | 387 (56) | |
| Patch angioplasty | 88 (10) | 17 (10) | 71 (10) | |
| Subclavian flap angioplasty | 89 (10) | 9 (5) | 80 (12) | |
| Graft interposition | 33 (4) | 11 (6) | 22 (3) | |
| Ascending‐to‐descending bypass graft | 7 (1) | 2 (1) | 5 (1) | |
| Unknown | 172 (20) | 47 (27) | 125 (18) | |
| Intervention for re‐CoA, n (%) | 178 (19) | 29 (15) | 149 (20) | 0.12 |
| Associated congenital defects, n (%) | ||||
| Bicuspid aortic valve | 519 (56) | 130 (68) | 389 (53) | <0.001 |
| Patent ductus arteriosus | 141 (15) | 25 (13) | 116 (16) | 0.37 |
| Ventricular septal defect | 208 (23) | 35 (18) | 173 (24) | 0.12 |
| Atrial septal defect | 53 (6) | 10 (5) | 43 (6) | 0.86 |
| Patent foramen ovale | 22 (2) | 3 (2) | 19 (3) | 0.60 |
| Turner syndrome | 24 (3) | 4 (2) | 20 (3) | 0.80 |
| Left‐sided MHV, n (%) | 60 (7) | 36 (19) | 24 (3) | <0.001 |
| Prior cardiovascular events, n (%) | ||||
| Prior CAD | 10 (1) | 5 (3) | 5 (1) | 0.04 |
| Prior stroke/TIA | 20 (2) | 10 (5) | 10 (1) | 0.003 |
| Prior arrhythmia | 49 (5) | 18 (9) | 31 (4) | 0.01 |
| Systolic BP, mean±SD, mm Hg | 135±19 | 140±20 | 133±18 | <0.001 |
| Diastolic BP, mean±SD, mm Hg | 76±11 | 79±11 | 75±11 | <0.001 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 522 (57) | 143 (75) | 379 (52) | <0.001 |
| Use of any antihypertensive medication, n (%) | 299 (33) | 91 (48) | 208 (29) | <0.001 |
| Other cardiovascular risk factors | ||||
| BMI, mean±SD, kg/m2 | 24.0±4.5 | 25.6±5.4 | 23.6±4.1 | <0.001 |
| Hypercholesterolemia, n (%) | 85 (9) | 38 (20) | 47 (6) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 21 (2) | 7 (4) | 14 (2) | 0.17 |
| Cigarette smoking, n (%) | 169 (18) | 49 (26) | 120 (17) | 0.005 |
| Family history of premature CVD, n (%) | 55 (6) | 16 (8) | 39 (5) | 0.12 |
| eGFR <60 mL/min per 1.73 m2, n (%) | 29 (3) | 10 (5) | 19 (3) | 0.10 |
| LVEF <40%, n (%) | 7 (1) | 4 (2) | 3 (0.4) | 0.04 |
| LV mass index, mean±SD, g/m2 | 94±31 | 111±36 | 90±28 | <0.001 |
| LV hypertrophy, n (%) | 249 (27) | 89 (47) | 160 (22) | <0.001 |
| Follow‐up duration, mean±SD, y | 9.3±5.1 | 11.3±4.5 | 8.7±5.1 | <0.001 |
BMI indicates body mass index; BP, blood pressure; CAD, coronary artery disease; CVD, cardiovascular disease; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; LV, left ventricular; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; MHV, mechanical heart valve; and TIA, transient ischemic attack.
*
Indicates the difference between patients who developed a cardiovascular event vs patients who did not, as determined by the independent samples t test, Mann‐Whitney U test, or Fisher exact test, where appropriate.
†
Among patients with surgery as initial coarctation of the aorta (CoA) repair (n=863).