Table 2.

Association of Diabetes With AF Phenotype^*

	Model 1	Model 2
	OR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)
Nonparoxysmal AF	1.13 (0.91 to 1.41)	1.01 (0.81 to 1.27)
Any AF symptoms	0.75 (0.61 to 0.94) †	0.74 (0.59 to 0.92) †
Palpitations	0.65 (0.51 to 0.83) †	0.64 (0.50 to 0.81) †
Dizziness	1.12 (0.83 to 1.52)	1.12 (0.83 to 1.52)
Chest pain	1.33 (0.95 to 1.88)	1.29 (0.91 to 1.83)
Exercise intolerance	0.76 (0.58 to 0.99) †	0.76 (0.58 to 1.01)
Dyspnea	1.07 (0.84 to 1.37)	1.04 (0.81 to 1.33)
Tiredness	1.01 (0.75 to 1.36)	1.02 (0.76 to 1.38)
Syncope	1.02 (0.55 to 1.88)	0.99 (0.54 to 1.83)
Other symptoms	0.70 (0.50 to 1.00)	0.70 (0.49 to 0.99) †

	β (95% CI)	β (95% CI)
Quality of life	−6.35 (−8.15 to −4.54) †	−4.54 (−6.40 to −2.68) †

Model 1: adjusted for age and sex.

Model 2 for outcomes “AF type” and “quality of life”: adjusted for age, sex, smoking status, body mass index, and prevalent hypertension. Model 2 for outcome “AF symptoms”: adjusted for age, sex, use of β‐blockers, and use of antiarrhythmic medications.

AF indicates atrial fibrillation; and OR, odds ratio.

^*The beta regression coefficients (β) indicate predicted differences in mean quality‐of‐life score between patients with diabetes and those without diabetes (reference). The quality‐of‐life score ranges from 0 to 100, with higher values indicating better quality of life.

^† P‐value lower than 0.05.