Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics in Each Group
| Non‐HF (n=8) | HF (n=10) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, y | 65.4±3.68 | 63.3±3.62 | 0.696 |
| Men, n (%) | 6 (75.0) | 8 (80.0) | 0.800 |
| Body weight, kg | 72.1±3.92 | 68.8±4.94 | 0.633 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 26.3±1.07 | 24.9±0.99 | 0.361 |
| Heart rate, /min | 76.9±4.64 | 76.5±2.14 | 0.895 |
| SBP, mm Hg | 119±4.84 | 121±3.73 | 0.841 |
| DBP, mm Hg | 72.1±3.82 | 73.5±3.20 | 0.785 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 7 (87.5) | 10 (100) | 0.250 |
| Dyslipidemia, n (%) | 8 (100) | 10 (100) | 1.000 |
| Blood test | |||
| LDL, mg/dL | 72.3±6.54 | 82.7±9.44 | 0.389 |
| FBG, mg/dL | 137±7.57 | 163±15.9 | 0.159 |
| HbA1c, % | 7.49±0.09 | 7.98±0.21 | 0.057 |
| Insulin, μU/mL | 12.7±3.53 | 16.2±4.30 | 0.552 |
| HOMA‐IR | 4.14±1.27 | 6.68±2.45 | 0.176 |
| eGFR, mL/min per 1.73 m2 | 61.4±7.68 | 60.6±6.18 | 0.940 |
| BNP, pg/mL | 23.9±9.37 | 161±58.6 | 0.045 |
| UCG | |||
| LVEF, % | 65.3±2.18 | 43.7±3.95 | <0.001 |
| LVDd, mm | 45.9±1.18 | 54.2±5.11 | 0.145 |
| LVDs, mm | 29.6±1.25 | 42.4±4.98 | 0.033 |
| LAD, mm | 39.6±1.47 | 39.0±4.44 | 0.890 |
| E/e′ | 13.7±1.14 | 12.6±2.82 | 0.728 |
| Sympathetic nerve activity | |||
| BF, bursts/min | 44.5±2.35 | 50.1±1.88 | 0.078 |
| BI (bursts/100 heartbeats) | 61.2±4.31 | 69.0±1.77 | 0.127 |
| CBRS, ms/mm Hg | 6.06±0.93 | 11.2±4.21 | 0.318 |
| SBRS (bursts·100 heartbeats−1 mm Hg−1) | −1.24±0.33 | −2.17±1.06 | 0.427 |
| Medication, n (%) | |||
| β‐blocker | 3 (37.5) | 9 (90) | 0.006 |
| Calcium channel blocker | 5 (62.5) | 3 (30) | 0.168 |
| Statin | 8 (100) | 10 (100) | 1.000 |
| ARB or ACE‐I | 6 (75.0) | 10 (100) | 0.094 |
| Diuretics | 2 (25.0) | 7 (70.0) | 0.058 |
| Sulfonyl urea | 1 (12.5) | 1 (10.0) | 0.866 |
| DPP‐4 inhibitor | 2 (25.0) | 4 (40.0) | 0.502 |
| Glinide | 0 (0) | 2 (20.0) | 0.180 |
| α‐GI | 1 (12.5) | 2 (20.0) | 0.671 |
| GLP‐1 agonist | 2 (25.0) | 2 (20.0) | 0.800 |
| Biguanide | 3 (37.5) | 1 (10.0) | 0.163 |
| Thiazolidine | 1 (12.5) | 0 (0.0) | 0.250 |
| Insulin | 2 (25.0) | 4 (40.0) | 0.502 |
Unpaired‐t test was performed to compare differences in each parameter between groups. Welch t test was applied if the variance was heteroscedastic. The Chi‐square test was adopted to compare differences in the population rate of diseases and medications between groups. Insulin and HOMA‐IR were compared among patients without insulin treatment (All, N=12; non‐CHF, n=6; CHF, n=6). ACE‐I indicates angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin Ⅱ receptor blocker; BF, burst frequency; BI, burst incidence; BMI, body mass index; BNP, brain natriuretic peptide; CBRS, cardiovagal baroreflex sensitivity; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; FBG, fasting blood glucose; GLP‐1, glucagon like peptide; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; HOMA‐IR, homeostasis assessment of insulin resistance; LAD, left atrial dimension; LDL, low‐density lipoprotein; LVDd, left ventricular end diastolic diameter; LVDs, left ventricular end systolic diameter; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; SBP, systolic blood pressure; SBRS, sympathetic baroreflex sensitivity; UCG, ultrasound cardiography; and α‐GI, α‐glucosidase inhibitor.