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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Jan 11.
Published in final edited form as: Semin Nephrol. 2021 Nov;41(6):487–504. doi: 10.1016/j.semnephrol.2021.10.002

Table 1.

Biological Drivers of Kidney Disease Self-Management Behaviors

Patient-Reported Self-Management Behavior(s) Study Study Population, Sample Size (N), Study Design Additional Notes and Details of Effect Size if Reported
Age
Summary of self-management behaviors Kugler et al, 200533 Hemodialysis (N = 916)
Multicenter cross-sectional; quantitative
Chan et al, 201040 Peritoneal dialysis (N = 153)
Cross-sectional; quantitative cluster analysis		 Cluster analysis showed two clusters (76 versus 77) of patients with unique self-management profiles
More patients in the adherent cluster were older
Lin et al, 201128 Kidney transplant (N = 101)
Cross-sectional; quantitative		 Standardized β = 0.22
R2 = 0.37 for age, post-kidney transplant time, health care provider support, financial satisfaction
Chen et al, 201837 CKD (N = 410)
Cross-sectional; quantitative		 Standardized β = 0.22
R2 = 0.52 for age, social support, health literacy, and marital status
Khezerloo et al, 201936 Kidney transplant (N = 360)
Cross-sectional; quantitative		 Adjusted β = −0.31 (95% CI, −0.39 to −0.24)
Adjusted for sex, marital status, educational status, past dialysis type, past dialysis vintage, transplant duration, type of organ (live versus cadaveric)
Exercise and physical activity Da Costa Rosa et al, 201738 Hemodialysis (N = 79)
Cross-sectional; quantitative		 OR, 5.8 (95% CI, 1.11–30.19)
Participants wore an accelerometer; lower physical activity was associated with older age
Vallance et al, 201939 Kidney transplant (N = 1,284)
Cross-sectional; quantitative		 Unstandardized β = −0.48 min/d (95% CI, −0.75 to −0.22)
Each additional year older was associated with 0.48 fewer min/d (~30 seconds) of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity
Medication adherence Chan et al, 201231 Hemodialysis (N = 188)
Cross-sectional; quantitative		 Standardized β = 0.18
R2 = 0.22 for age and dialysis vintage
Scheel et al, 201829 Kidney transplant (N = 330)
Cross-sectional; quantitative		 Standardized β = −0.022
OR, 0.98 (95% CI, 0.96–0.99)
Fluid adherence Kugler et al, 200533 Hemodialysis (N = 916)
Multicenter cross-sectional; quantitative		 r = −0.07 for association between age and frequency of fluid nonadherence
r = −0.11 for association between age and degree of fluid nonadherence
Chan et al, 201231 Hemodialysis (N = 188)
Cross-sectional; quantitative		 Standardized β = 0.21
R2 = 0.39 for age, sex, dialysis vintage, employment
Mellon et al, 201332 Hemodialysis (N = 50)
Cross-sectional; quantitative		 Standardized β = −0.40
R2 = 0.23 for age, serum phosphorus, physical symptom burden, depressive symptoms, anxious mood
Clark-Cutaia et al, 201430 Hemodialysis (N = 122)
Cross-sectional; quantitative		 Unstandardized β = −0.94
OR, 0.39 (95% CI, 0.18–0.87)
Washington et al, 201835 Hemodialysis (N = 107)
Cross-sectional; quantitative		 OR, 1.08 (95% CI, 1.01–1.14)
Diet adherence Khalil et al, 201134 Hemodialysis (N = 100)
Cross-sectional; quantitative		 Unstandardized β = −0.05
OR, 0.95 (95% CI, 0.92–0.98)
Objective dietary nonadherence measured by serum potassium level >5.5 mg/dL, serum phosphorus level >5.5 mg/dL, or blood urea nitrogen level >100 mg/dL
Chan et al, 201231 Hemodialysis (N = 188)
Cross-sectional; quantitative		 Standardized β = 0.16
R2 = 0.34 for age, sex, employment
Clark-Cutaia et al, 201430 Hemodialysis (N = 122)
Cross-sectional; quantitative		 Unstandardized β = −0.93
OR, 0.39 (95% CI, 0.18–0.86)
Physical fatigue, frailty
Exercise and physical activity Goodman et al, 200446 Hemodialysis (N = 50)
Cross-sectional; quantitative		 50% reported fatigue
Kontos et al, 200744 Hemodialysis (N = 17)
Cross-sectional; qualitative		 NA
Byrne et al, 201114 Hemodialysis (N = 78)
Cross-sectional; quantitative		 40% reported fatigue
Delgado et al, 201215 Hemodialysis (N = 100)
Cross-sectional; quantitative		 67% reported fatigue on dialysis days; 40% reported fatigue on nondialysis days
Darawad et al, 201317 Hemodialysis (N = 190)
Cross-sectional; quantitative		 84% reported fatigue; did not specify relationship to dialysis treatment
Painter et al, 201447 Hemodialysis (N = 15 staff; 6 patients)
Cross-sectional; qualitative		 NA
Fiaccadori et al, 201418 Hemodialysis (N = 104)
Cross-sectional; quantitative		 57% reported fatigue on dialysis days
Bossola et al, 201416 Hemodialysis (N = 105)
Cross-sectional; quantitative		 67% reported fatigue on dialysis days
Jhamb et al, 201643 Hemodialysis (N = 16)
Cross-sectional; qualitative		 NA
Hornik et al, 201950 Hemodialysis (N = 72)
Prospective (2 wk); quantitative		 OR, 0.28 (95% CI, 0.21–0.69)
Tarca et al, 202051 Hemodialysis
Systematic review and meta-analysis of 21 quantitative studies		 NA
Cognitive impairment
Medication adherence Gordon et al, 200756 Kidney transplant (N = 20)
Prospective (1 mo); qualitative		 NA
Orr et al, 200757 Kidney transplant (N = 26)
Cross-sectional; qualitative		 NA
Ruppar et al, 200959 Kidney transplant (N = 19)
Cross-sectional; qualitative		 NA
Gordon et al, 200960 Kidney transplant (N = 82)
Cross-sectional; qualitative		 NA
Tielen et al, 201158 Kidney transplant (N = 26)
Cross-sectional; qualitative		 NA
Chan et al, 201231 Hemodialysis (N = 188)
Cross-sectional; quantitative		 81% reported forgetfulness as the primary barrier to medication adherence
Kefale et al, 201855 CKD (N = 256)
Cross-sectional; quantitative		 79% reported forgetfulness as the primary barrier to medication adherence

Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; CKD, chronic kidney disease; NA, not applicable; OR, odds ratio.