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Schematic presentation of the proposed mechanism (steps 1 to 5) of phage release from Lactococcus lactis TIFN1. Activation of proPhi1 (steps 1 and 2) results in production of tailless Siphoviridae phage particles (step 3), enclosed in lipid membrane derived from the cytoplasmic membrane (green) (step 4), and released from the cells by a budding-like, nonlytic mechanism (step 5).
