Table 1.
Baseline Pathway to Prevention participant characteristics by autoantibody status
| Characteristic | Single-Aab+ (n=2652) | Multiple-Aab+ (n=3794) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age at initial screening, years | |||
| Mean±SD | 21.1±14.0 | 14.5±11.2 | <0.001a |
| Median (Q1, Q3) | 15.0 (9.4, 35.8) | 10.9 (7.0, 16.3) | |
| Length of followup, years | |||
| Mean±SD | 1.7±2.7 | 1.9±2.5 | <0.001a |
| Median (Q1, Q3) | 0.0 (0.0, 2.5) | 0.9 (0.0, 2.8) | |
| Sex, n (%) | <0.001b | ||
| Female | 1525 (57.6) | 1799 (47.6) | |
| Male | 1125 (42.5) | 1983 (52.4) | |
| Missing | 2 (0.1) | 12 (0.3) | |
| Race, n (%) | <0.001b | ||
| Hispanic | 307 (11.6) | 316 (8.3) | |
| White/NH | 2018 (76.1) | 3067 (80.8) | |
| African American | 75 (2.8) | 129 (3.4) | |
| Other | 127 (4.8) | 127 (3.4) | |
| Unknown or not reported | 125 (4.7) | 155 (4.1) | |
| Relationship to proband, n (%) | <0.001b | ||
| Offspring | 487 (18.4) | 715 (18.9) | |
| Parent | 731 (27.6) | 439 (11.6) | |
| Sibling | 1131 (42.7) | 2258 (59.5) | |
| Other | 256 (9.7) | 248 (6.5) | |
| Unknown or not reported | 47 (1.8) | 134 (3.5) | |
| High-risk HLA (either DR3 or DR4), n (%) | <0.001b | ||
| Neither | 649 (25.4) | 582 (16.0) | |
| Either or both | 1910 (74.6) | 3048 (84.0) | |
| High-risk HLA (either DR3 or DR4), n (%) | <0.001b | ||
| Neither | 649 (25.4) | 582 (16.0) | |
| One | 1590 (62.1) | 2157 (59.4) | |
| Both | 320 (12.5) | 891 (24.6) | |
| Autoantibody type, n (%) | <0.001b | ||
| GAD65 | 1890 (71.3) | 3365 (88.7) | |
| mIAA | 659 (24.9) | 1928 (50.8) | |
| IA-2 | 93 (3.5) | 2016 (53.2) | |
| ICA | 9 (0.4) | 2518 (68.3) | |
| ZnT8 | 1 (0.1) | 1654 (57.4) | |
| BMI-for-age z score, mean±SD | 0.6±1.2 | 0.4±1.1 | <0.001c |
| Mean C-peptide AUC, mean±SD | 6.6±3.0 | 5.3±2.6 | <0.001c |
| Peak C-peptide (ng/ml), mean±SD | 9.0±4.2 | 7.2±3.5 | <0.001c |
| Fasting glucose (mmol/l), mean±SD | 5.1±0.6 | 5.1±0.9 | 0.419c |
| Fasting insulin (pmol/l), mean±SD | 56.9±47.2 | 49.3±38.2 | <0.001c |
| HOMA2-S | |||
| Mean±SD | 173.9±253.4 | 193.5±274.3 | <0.001a |
| Median (Q1, Q3) | 120.3 (75.8, 191.3) | 136.2 (86.8, 212.7) | |
| HOMA2-B | |||
| Mean±SD | 91.1±44.5 | 83.9±38.9 | <0.001a |
| Median (Q1, Q3) | 81.3 (61.8, 110.1) | 76.2 (58.5, 100.7) |
a
p values reflect comparisons between groups using Wilcoxon rank-sum test
b
p values reflect comparisons between groups using χ2 test
c
p values reflect comparisons between groups using two-sample t test NH, non-Hispanic; Q1, quartile 1; Q3, quartile 3