Table 1.

Summary of previous economic models of interventions to reduce medication errors

First author and year	Study population and setting	Modelling method	Categorisation of harm from errors	Outcome measures
Karnon, (2008) [21]	Inpatients of a 400-bed acute hospital in the UK	Decision tree	No harm, minor, moderate and severe/life-threatening harm	Incremental costs of correcting an error detected before administration, and treating the adverse effects of an error including extra tests, treatments and hospital length of stay Monetary valuation of QoL reduction following a harmful error
Lahue, (2012) [2]	Hospital inpatients receiving injectable medicines in the USA	Not specifically named, but effectively a decision tree	Harm and no harm	Incremental cost of a harmful medication error
Samp, (2014) [22]	Primary, secondary and tertiary care patients in the USA	Decision tree	8 categories from combining: temporary, permanent or no harm; hospitalisation; treatment required; death	Incremental costs of the error, including monitoring and those arising from permanent harm

QoL quality of life