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. 2022 Jan 11;13:243. doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-27335-z

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — a–c Transgenic expression of Hoxd11 or Hoxd12 using the Cdx2 promoter is able to partially reverse anterior transformations of the lumbar region in Gdf11^+/− and Gdf11^−/− mutant mice, and reduce total vertebral number in WT and Gdf11^+/− animals. a E18.5 skeletal analysis of Hoxd11^OE or Hoxd12^OE (OE = overexpressor) intercrossed with the Gdf11 mutant line revealed changes in axial formulae. C = cervical; T = thoracic; L = lumbar. b Quantification of total vertebral number (TVN) in WT and Gdf11^+/− embryos, with or without the presence of Hoxd11^OE and Hoxd12^OE transgenes. Raw data is presented in the upper plot (vertical error bar = mean and standard deviation). Mean differences relative to WT are presented in the lower plot as bootstrap sampling distributions. Each mean difference is depicted as a dot and 95% confidence interval is indicated by the ends of the vertical error bar. n refers to the number of individual animals used for this analysis. Source data for b are provided as a Source data file. c Schematic summary of changes in axial formulae, relative to WT, observed in single Hoxd11^OE or Hoxd12^OE transgenic lines, and following cross-breeding of each transgenic with the Gdf11 mutant line. Numbers represent the rounded (to the next whole number) unpaired mean difference for a given genotype. C = cervical, T = thoracic, L = lumbar, S-Ca = sacral-caudal, question marks indicate dysmorphic and non-quantifiable elements. White drawn line = frequently observed reduction/malformation of ribs on the last rib-bearing thoracic element in mice carrying the Hoxd11^OE or Hoxd12^OE transgene.