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. 2022 Jan 11;12:491. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-04498-9

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Schematic representation of the experimental design for assessing vector competence of ticks for pathogens through immersion technique and artificial feeding. (A) pathogen acquisition, (B) trans-stadial pathogen transmission and (C) transmission of the pathogen to a vertebrate host. Ticks were allowed to feed to repletion and harvested immediately after feeding. Real-time RT-PCR is performed to specifically detect the pathogen’s RNA in ticks and mice at different steps of the protocol.