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. 2022 Jan 11;13:221. doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-27885-2

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — a The digital photo of the design and the fabricated in-plane i-TEG with 13 pairs of p-n thermocouples. b, c The demonstration of ionic-thermoelectric thermal sensors. d Comparison of the thermopower range for the recently reported i-TE materials realizing p-n conversion^9,17,18. e The thermoelectric voltage (V) vs time (t) curves of the fabricated i-TEG under various ∆T. f The 50-cycles heat on/off stability test of the as-fabricated i-TEG under 1.5 K. g The performance of ionic-thermoelectric light-induced thermal sensors. h The demonstration and (i) performance of a self-powered LiTS system that can automatically control the lamp.