Table 1.

Pedunculopontine stimulation studies in patients with Parkinson´s disease.

Author	Study population	PPN DBS type	Follow-up	Findings
Ferraye et al., 2009	Six PD patients	Bilateral rostral with STN DBS	12 months	Reduced FoG in 4/6 patients. Reduced falls in 1/6 patients.
Moro et al., 2010	Six PD patients	Bilateral caudal lone PPN DBS	12 months	Reduced falls in all patients. Reduced FoG in 5/6 patients at 3 months and 3/6 patients at 12 months.
Thevathasan et al., 2011	Five PD patients	Bilateral caudal lone PPN DBS	24 months	Reduced FoG and falls in all 5 patients at 6 months and 2 years (but lesser benefit at 2 years).
Thevathasan et al., 2012	Seven PD patients	Bilateral caudal lone PPN DBS	2–30 months	Significant improvement in FoG off medication. Bilateral DBS better than unilateral
Welter et al., 2015	Six PD patients	Bilateral rostral and caudal lone PPN DBS	6 months	One patient required device removal due to infection and one patient presented a brainstem bleed. Of the remaining 4 patients: reduced FoG in 3 and reduced falls in 2.
Mestre et al., 2016	Eight PD patients	Unilateral rostral lone PPN DBS	24–48 months	Reduced falls at 2 years in 6/8 patients and at 4 years in 4/6 patients. Reduced FoG at 2 years in 5/8 patients and at 4 years in 4/6 patients.
Perera et al., 2018	Thirteen PD patients	Bilateral caudal lone PPN DBS	6–60 months	Pedunculopontine nucleus stimulation improved intermittent switching of postural sway, feedback gains in the proportional-integral-derivative model and clinical balance impairment.

PD Parkinson’s disease, FoG freezing of gait, STN subthalamic nucleus, PPN pedunculopontine nucleus, DBS deep brain stimulation.