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. 2022 Jan 11;5:27. doi: 10.1038/s42003-021-02985-3

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — a A 4-dimensional, quasi-proportional Venn diagram showing the number of overlapping metabolites (n = 6) differing HC/cART from three methodologies (Mann–Whitney U-test, RF, and PLS-DA) in Indian and Cameroon cohort. Analysis was performed separately in Indian and Cameroon cohorts. b Box plots of significant biomarkers shared by Indian and Cameroon patients: androsterone sulfate, epiandrosterone sulfate, metabolomic lactone sulfate, 5α–androstan–3α,17β-diol monosulfate, and methionine sulfone. In all the comparisons, FDR < 0.001 Dots represent individual values and the line represents the median. c Global association analysis network and identified communities. Potential biomarkers and glutamate are indicated. d Bar plots representing proportion of super pathways and number of associated metabolites in communities (n_c1 = 165, n_c2 = 145, n_c3 = 143, n_c4 = 123, n_c5 = 110, n_c6 = 91). e Consensus matrices of potential biomarkers and first neighbors in HC and cART. Data were log-transformed and z-score transformed. Cameroon HC (light blue); Cameroon cART (dark blue); India HC (light yellow); and India cART (dark yellow).