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. 2022 Jan 11;5:27. doi: 10.1038/s42003-021-02985-3

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — a Venn diagram representing the overlap of AA significantly differing in HC compared to cART between Cameroon and Indian cohort. b–g Box plots showing the abundance of six significant AA between HC and cART (Mann–Whitney U-test, FDR < 0.1) (*FDR < 0.1, **FDR < 0.05, ***FDR < 0.01): methionine (b), phenylalanine (c), threonine (d), tryptophan (e), valine (f), and glutamate (g) in HC, and PLWH on cART and treatment-naive patients from Cameroon and Indian cohorts. Cameroon HC (light blue) n = 50; Cameroon cART (blue) n = 50; Cameroon Treatment-Naïve (dark blue) n = 25; India HC (light yellow) n = 30; India cART (light orange) n = 41; India Treatment-naïve (orange) n = 20. h and i Scatter plot of AA mean differences by effect size (Glass delta (D)) in Indian (h) and Cameroon (i) cohorts. Dots are colored based on effect size (red = large, green = medium, blue = small). j Schematic representation of the altered AA linked with the key metabolic pathways.