Table 1.
Demographics, key predictors, and outcome by age and cumulative risk.
| Variable | Preschool children | Siga | School-age children | Siga | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All | Low risk | High risk | All | Low risk | High risk | |||
| Sample size | 789 | 487 | 302 | – | 391 | 266 | 125 | – |
| Cumulative risk (%) | ||||||||
| Child minority (yes) | 31.56 | 10.68 | 65.23 | 265.29*** | 27.88 | 10.53 | 64.80 | 132.02*** |
| Mom age at birth (≤18) | 1.15 | 0.21 | 2.68 | 10.00** | 0.77 | 0.38 | 1.60 | 1.67 |
| Single parent (yes) | 17.36 | 2.05 | 42.05 | 207.85*** | 16.62 | 3.76 | 44.00 | 99.35*** |
| Mom’s education (<HS) | 7.48 | 1.44 | 17.22 | 67.10*** | 7.16 | 1.13 | 20.00 | 45.56*** |
| Income-to-needs (<1.85) | 35.36 | 11.70 | 73.51 | 311.53*** | 27.88 | 6.77 | 72.80 | 184.42*** |
| More than 3 siblings (yes) | 14.70 | 12.32 | 18.54 | 5.76* | 13.81 | 12.41 | 16.80 | 1.38 |
| All background TV (h, SE) | 3.85 | 3.01 | 5.20 | 116.79*** | 2.70 | 2.34 | 3.48 | 49.24*** |
| Primary activity during background TV (min, SE) | ||||||||
| Socializing with family | 6.09 (1.22) | 6.37 (1.46) | 5.70 (2.09) | −0.26 | 4.93 (2.29) | 5.97 (3.42) | 3.43 (2.67) | −0.57 |
| Playing alone | 53.71 (5.93) | 51.88 (6.33) | 56.35 (11.24) | 0.35 | 21.21 (4.60) | 22.31 (5.29) | 19.63 (8.36) | −0.26 |
| Playing with others | 11.24 (2.73) | 11.69 (3.32) | 10.60 (4.64) | −0.19 | 4.38 (1.58) | 5.93 (2.52) | 2.15 (1.29) | −1.38 |
| Academic or enrichment | 5.88 (1.51) | 8.01 (2.50) | 2.81 (0.75) | −2.55* | 6.54 (1.91) | 7.72 (2.31) | 4.85 (3.25) | −0.63 |
| Routines/chores | 27.97 (4.13) | 20.35 (3.24) | 38.96 (8.94) | 2.33* | 25.47 (4.88) | 32.14 (7.79) | 15.86 (3.95) | −2.03* |
| Eating/drinking | 22.41 (2.49) | 20.67 (3.48) | 24.92 (3.44) | 0.86 | 13.07 (2.16) | 11.73 (2.58) | 15.01 (3.73) | 0.74 |
| Sleeping | 104.47 (11.68) | 81.94 (13.64) | 136.97 (20.66) | 2.29* | 74.37 (14.04) | 55.38 (12.92) | 101.77 (28.78) | 1.66 |
| Outcome | ||||||||
| Executive function (EF, SD) | 49.99 (9.98) | 48.84 (8.62) | 51.86 (11.62) | 17.44*** | 49.98 (10.00) | 48.17 (8.34) | 53.85 (11.99) | 29.41*** |
aΧ2 tests were computed to test for significant differences by risk status for all demographic variables included in the cumulative risk variable. Poisson regressions were computed in Stata 14.2 for all categories of background TV exposure due to substantially non-normal distributions. The margins command was used to calculate the means for each category. One-way ANOVAs were computed to test for EF differences by risk status.
*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001.