Table 9.
Robustness checks—instrumenting using vaccine surprises
| Variables | (1) | (2) | (3) |
|---|---|---|---|
| NO2 | CO | Mobility | |
| Second dose per capita (instrumented with vaccine surprise) | 0.01141*** | 0.00062 | 0.51819* |
| (0.002) | (0.000) | (0.263) | |
| COVID-19 cases per capita (lag) | − 0.00497 | 0.00239 | − 1.72696 |
| (0.019) | (0.007) | (1.232) | |
| NO2 emissions per capita (lag) | − 0.56732*** | 0.00825 | 0.09591 |
| (0.032) | (0.010) | (0.379) | |
| CO emissions per capita (lag) | 0.01742 | − 0.50816*** | − 0.22019 |
| (0.048) | (0.121) | (1.062) | |
| Containment measures (lag) | 0.00070 | − 0.00033 | − 0.61985*** |
| (0.001) | (0.000) | (0.058) | |
| Mobility (lag) | − 0.19556 | − 0.07154 | − 48.75752*** |
| Observations | 5909 | 5891 | 5898 |
| R-squared | 0.287 | 0.258 | 0.305 |
| Country FE | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Time FE | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Health controls and country-time trends | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| No. of countries | 44 | 44 | 44 |
Table reports results for Eq. (1) but instruments for the share of fully vaccinated individuals with the vaccine surprise variable. The dependent variable is NO2 emissions per capita for column 1, CO emissions per capital for column 2, and change in retail and recreation mobility for column 3. The regressions control for stringency of containment measures, other non-pharmaceutical interventions and health policy controls (1 lag), lags of mobility (1 lag), lagged new cases, (1 lag), lagged NO2 and CO emissions (1 lag) country-specific time trends, as well as country and time fixed effects. Standard errors are clustered at the country level. ***, **, and * represent statistical significant at 1, 5, and 10%, respectively