Table 1.
Association of various individual, family and community-related characteristics with child mortality
| Neonatal mortality | Infant mortality | Under-5 mortality | ||||||||||
| No | Yes | Total | χ2 | No | Yes | Total | χ2 | No | Yes | Total | χ2 | |
| % | % | % | P value | % | % | % | P value | % | % | % | P value | |
| Breast fed | ||||||||||||
| Never breast fed (n=246) | 3.9 | 60.6 | 5.8 | 0.00 | 3.9 | 43.5 | 5.8 | 0.000 | 4 | 38.1 | 5.8 | 0.000 |
| Ever breast fed (n=5119) | 96.1 | 39.4 | 94.2 | 96.1 | 56.5 | 94.2 | 96 | 61.9 | 94.2 | |||
| Total (n=5365) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | |||
| Preceding birth interval (months) | ||||||||||||
| 36+ (n=4316) | 31.8 | 21.5 | 31.4 | 0.00 | 32 | 20.9 | 31.4 | 0.000 | 32.2 | 20.1 | 31.4 | 0.000 |
| First born (n=1081) | 8.9 | 14.2 | 9 | 8.9 | 11.2 | 9 | 8.9 | 10.9 | 9 | |||
| <18 (n=2013) | 16 | 33.5 | 16.6 | 15.5 | 36.6 | 16.6 | 15.4 | 35.2 | 16.6 | |||
| 18–23 (n=1954) | 16.4 | 13.4 | 16.3 | 16.4 | 13.6 | 16.3 | 16.3 | 16 | 16.3 | |||
| 24–35 (n=3405) | 27 | 17.4 | 26.6 | 27.1 | 17.6 | 26.6 | 27.2 | 17.8 | 26.6 | |||
| Total (n=12 769) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | |||
| Province | ||||||||||||
| Punjab (n=2662) | 50.8 | 62.4 | 51.2 | 0.00 | 50.8 | 58.5 | 51.2 | 0.025 | 50.8 | 57.2 | 51.2 | 0.029 |
| Sindh (n=2229) | 23.6 | 17.9 | 23.4 | 23.5 | 20.6 | 23.4 | 23.5 | 21.7 | 23.4 | |||
| KPK (n=1899) | 15.5 | 12.8 | 15.4 | 15.6 | 11.6 | 15.4 | 15.6 | 11.7 | 15.4 | |||
| Balochistan (n=1774) | 7 | 5.1 | 7 | 7 | 7.3 | 7 | 6.9 | 7.6 | 7 | |||
| Islamabad (n=809) | 0.8 | 0.5 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.6 | 0.8 | |||
| FATA (n=966) | 2.3 | 1.3 | 2.3 | 2.4 | 1.3 | 2.3 | 2.4 | 1.2 | 2.3 | |||
| Total (n=10 339) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | |||
| Type of place of residence | ||||||||||||
| Rural (n=7102) | 67.1 | 67.2 | 67.1 | 0.99 | 67.1 | 68 | 67.1 | 0.748 | 66.9 | 70 | 67.1 | 0.257 |
| Urban (n=5667) | 32.9 | 32.8 | 32.9 | 32.9 | 32 | 32.9 | 33.1 | 30 | 32.9 | |||
| Total (n=12 769) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | |||
| Respondent’s highest educational level | ||||||||||||
| No education (n=7301) | 54.1 | 55.9 | 54.1 | 0.44 | 53.7 | 60.8 | 54.1 | 0.038 | 53.6 | 62.5 | 54.1 | 0.004 |
| Primary (n=1673) | 15.8 | 18.8 | 15.9 | 15.9 | 16.3 | 15.9 | 16 | 15.4 | 15.9 | |||
| Secondary (n=2188) | 18.3 | 16.5 | 18.2 | 18.4 | 15.4 | 18.2 | 18.4 | 15.5 | 18.2 | |||
| Higher (n=1607) | 11.9 | 8.8 | 11.8 | 12 | 7.4 | 11.8 | 12.1 | 6.6 | 11.8 | |||
| Total (n=12 769) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | |||
| Husband/partner’s educational level | ||||||||||||
| No education (n=3860) | 32.1 | 38.1 | 32.3 | 0.17 | 32 | 38.8 | 32.3 | 0.005 | 31.9 | 38.8 | 32.3 | 0.002 |
| Primary (n=1661) | 15.9 | 19.7 | 16.1 | 15.8 | 20.7 | 16.1 | 15.8 | 20.3 | 16.1 | |||
| Secondary (n=4239) | 33.8 | 29 | 33.7 | 34 | 27.9 | 33.7 | 34 | 28.2 | 33.7 | |||
| Higher (n=2748) | 18.1 | 13.3 | 17.9 | 18.2 | 12.7 | 17.9 | 18.3 | 12.7 | 17.9 | |||
| Total (n=12 508) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | |||
| Size of child at birth | ||||||||||||
| Average (n=4064) | 75.3 | 73.8 | 75.3 | 0.19 | 75.5 | 71.2 | 75.3 | 0.442 | 75.5 | 71.1 | 75.3 | 0.266 |
| Small (n=864) | 17.8 | 23.2 | 17.9 | 17.7 | 22.4 | 17.9 | 17.6 | 23.2 | 17.9 | |||
| Large (n=421) | 6.9 | 3 | 6.8 | 6.8 | 6.4 | 6.8 | 6.9 | 5.6 | 6.8 | |||
| Total (n=5349) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | |||
| Sex of child | ||||||||||||
| Female (n=6256) | 50.5 | 34.2 | 49.9 | 0.00 | 50.7 | 36.5 | 49.9 | 0.000 | 50.6 | 39.7 | 49.9 | 0.001 |
| Male (n=6513) | 49.5 | 65.8 | 50.1 | 49.3 | 63.5 | 50.1 | 49.4 | 60.3 | 50.1 | |||
| Total (n=12 769) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | |||
| Respondent’s current age | ||||||||||||
| 30–35 (n=7402) | 61.4 | 63.9 | 61.5 | 0.23 | 61.6 | 59.6 | 61.5 | 0.111 | 61.6 | 59.5 | 61.5 | 0.090 |
| 36–40 (n=3517) | 25.6 | 20.5 | 25.4 | 25.6 | 23.1 | 25.4 | 25.6 | 23.4 | 25.4 | |||
| >40 (n=1850) | 13 | 15.6 | 13.1 | 12.9 | 17.3 | 13.1 | 12.9 | 17.1 | 13.1 | |||
| Total (n=12 769) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | |||
| Total children ever born | ||||||||||||
| 1–2 (n=1097) | 8.7 | 7.7 | 8.7 | 0.25 | 8.8 | 6.4 | 8.7 | 0.027 | 8.8 | 7.1 | 8.7 | 0.005 |
| 3–4 (n=4491) | 37.4 | 31.8 | 37.2 | 37.5 | 31.2 | 37.2 | 37.7 | 29.6 | 37.2 | |||
| >4 (n=7181) | 53.9 | 60.6 | 54.2 | 53.7 | 62.4 | 54.2 | 53.6 | 63.4 | 54.2 | |||
| Total (n=12 769) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | |||
| Wealth index quintile | ||||||||||||
| Poorest (n=3188) | 24.6 | 28.4 | 24.7 | 0.36 | 24.4 | 29.2 | 24.7 | 0.368 | 24.3 | 30.3 | 24.7 | 0.210 |
| Poorer (n=2922) | 19.9 | 19.6 | 19.9 | 19.9 | 19.3 | 19.9 | 19.9 | 19.2 | 19.9 | |||
| Middle (n=2464) | 20.5 | 13.8 | 20.2 | 20.4 | 16 | 20.2 | 20.4 | 17 | 20.2 | |||
| Richer (n=2089) | 17.7 | 19 | 17.7 | 17.7 | 18.3 | 17.7 | 17.7 | 17.8 | 17.7 | |||
| Richest (n=2106) | 17.4 | 19.2 | 17.5 | 17.5 | 17.1 | 17.5 | 17.6 | 15.7 | 17.5 | |||
| Total (n=12 769) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | |||
| Respondent’s occupation | ||||||||||||
| Not working (n=10 700) | 78.8 | 70.4 | 78.5 | 0.01 | 78.9 | 71.4 | 78.5 | 0.009 | 79 | 71.5 | 78.5 | 0.005 |
| Working (n=2063) | 21.2 | 29.6 | 21.5 | 21.1 | 28.6 | 21.5 | 21 | 28.5 | 21.5 | |||
| Total (n=12 763) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | |||
FATA, Federally Administered Tribal Area; KPK, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.