Table 2.
Multivariate logistic regression estimates for neonatal, infant and under-5 mortality (full model)—PDHS (2017–2018)
| Neonatal mortality | Infant mortality | Under-5 mortality | ||||
| Breast feeding | ||||||
| Never breast fed | 1.000 | (1.00 to 1.00) | 1.000 | (1.00 to 1.00) | 1.000 | (1.00 to 1.00) |
| Ever breast fed | 0.015*** | (0.01 to 0.03) | 0.038*** | (0.02 to 0.06) | 0.050*** | (0.03 to 0.08) |
| Preceding birth interval (months) | ||||||
| 36+ | 1.000 | (1.00 to 1.00) | 1.000 | (1.00 to1.00) | 1.000 | (1.00 to 1.00) |
| First born | 3.269 | (0.83 to 12.88) | 1.855 | (0.63 to 5.43) | 2.300 | (0.87 to 6.05) |
| <18 | 5.661*** | (2.78 to 11.53) | 4.704*** | (2.70 to 8.19) | 4.745*** | (2.79 to 8.07) |
| 18–23 | 1.310 | (0.54 to 3.20) | 1.197 | (0.60 to 2.39) | 1.412 | (0.76 to 2.63) |
| 24–35 | 0.654 | (0.28 to 1.54) | 0.652 | (0.34 to 1.25) | 0.753 | (0.42 to 1.34) |
| Province | ||||||
| Punjab | 1.000 | (1.00 to 1.00) | 1.000 | (1.00 to 1.00) | 1.000 | (1.00 to 1.00) |
| Sindh | 0.906 | (0.49 to 1.67) | 1.229 | (0.73 to 2.08) | 1.109 | (0.68 to 1.80) |
| KPK | 1.504 | (0.61 to 3.70) | 1.537 | (0.82 to 2.90) | 1.257 | (0.71 to 2.23) |
| Balochistan | 1.416 | (0.65 to 3.10) | 2.966** | (1.49 to 5.92) | 2.705** | (1.49 to 4.91) |
| Islamabad | 0.725 | (0.23 to 2.25) | 1.477 | (0.71 to 3.05) | 1.347 | (0.71 to 2.56) |
| FATA | 0.740 | (0.28 to 1.99) | 0.670 | (0.29 to 1.56) | 0.555 | (0.25 to 1.25) |
| Residence | ||||||
| Rural | 1.000 | (1.00 to 1.00) | 1.000 | (1.00 to 1.00) | 1.000 | (1.00 to 1.00) |
| Urban | 1.645 | (0.70 to 3.86) | 1.068 | (0.59 to 1.94) | 0.993 | (0.59 to 1.67) |
| Mother’s education | ||||||
| No education | 1.000 | (1.00 to 1.00) | 1.000 | (1.00 to 1.00) | 1.000 | (1.00 to 1.00) |
| Primary | 1.144 | (0.54 to 2.41) | 1.163 | (0.66 to 2.05) | 0.964 | (0.55 to 1.68) |
| Secondary | 1.026 | (0.43 to 2.48) | 1.034 | (0.48 to 2.23) | 0.898 | (0.44 to 1.85) |
| Higher | 1.195 | (0.37 to 3.88) | 0.869 | (0.32 to 2.33) | 0.556 | (0.22 to 1.42) |
| Father’s education | ||||||
| No education | 1.000 | (1.00 to 1.00) | 1.000 | (1.00 to 1.00) | 1.000 | (1.00 to 1.00) |
| Primary | 1.896 | (0.90 to 3.98) | 1.553 | (0.91 to 2.65) | 1.513 | (0.91 to 2.52) |
| Secondary | 0.722 | (0.33 to 1.58) | 0.651 | (0.35 to 1.23) | 0.654 | (0.36 to 1.19) |
| Higher | 0.393 | (0.11 to 1.37) | 0.413 | (0.17 to 1.03) | 0.645 | (0.27 to 1.52) |
| Child birth size | ||||||
| Average | 1.000 | (1.00 to 1.00) | 1.000 | (1.00 to 1.00) | 1.000 | (1.00 to 1.00) |
| Small | 0.858 | (0.44 to 1.66) | 1.092 | (0.65 to 1.84) | 1.180 | (0.73 to 1.91) |
| Large | 0.362 | (0.12 to 1.14) | 1.125 | (0.49 to 2.58) | 0.933 | (0.41 to 2.10) |
| Sex of child | ||||||
| Female | 1.000 | (1.00 to 1.00) | 1.000 | (1.00 to 1.00) | 1.000 | (1.00 to 1.00) |
| Male | 1.763 | (0.91 to 3.40) | 1.503 | (0.91 to 2.48) | 1.203 | (0.75 to 1.92) |
| Mother’s current age | ||||||
| 30–35 | 1.000 | (1.00 to 1.00) | 1.000 | (1.00 to 1.00) | 1.000 | (1.00 to 1.00) |
| 36–40 | 0.742 | (0.37 to 1.48) | 0.833 | (0.49 to 1.41) | 0.831 | (0.50 to 1.38) |
| >40 | 1.589 | (0.70 to 3.61) | 1.522 | (0.81 to 2.86) | 1.346 | (0.76 to 2.40) |
| Household wealth index | ||||||
| Poorest | 1.000 | (1.00 to 1.00) | 1.000 | (1.00 to 1.00) | 1.000 | (1.00 to 1.00) |
| Poorer | 0.528 | (0.26 to 1.08) | 0.662 | (0.38 to 1.16) | 0.633 | (0.37 to 1.08) |
| Middle | 0.139** | (0.03 to 0.58) | 0.334* | (0.13 to 0.86) | 0.447* | (0.20 to 0.99) |
| Richer | 0.917 | (0.29 to 2.94) | 1.532 | (0.65 to 3.62) | 1.509 | (0.72 to 3.18) |
| Richest | 0.559 | (0.11 to 2.93) | 1.118 | (0.37 to 3.40) | 1.030 | (0.39 to 2.73) |
| Maternal employment status | ||||||
| Not working | 1.000 | (1.00 to 1.00) | 1.000 | (1.00 to 1.00) | 1.000 | (1.00 to 1.00) |
| Working | 2.403** | (1.30 to 4.43) | 1.819* | (1.08 to 3.07) | 1.618 | (0.99 to 2.65) |
| N | 4230.000 | 4230.000 | 4230.000 | |||
| F | 9.274 | 10.231 | 7.785 | |||
| P value | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | |||
Exponentiated coefficients; 95% CIs in brackets.
*P<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001.
FATA, Federally Administered Tribal Area; KPK, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa; PDHS, Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey.