Table 1. Characteristics of Study Participants in Bhaktapur, Nepal; Lima, Peru; and Nakaseke, Uganda.
| No. (%) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Nepal (n = 3534) | Peru (n = 3551) | Uganda (n = 3624) | |
| Age, mean (SD), ya | 56.2 (11.7) | 56.6 (11.3) | 56.1 (12.1) |
| Women | 1769 (50.1) | 1768 (49.8) | 1847 (51.0) |
| Men | 1765 (49.9) | 1783 (50.2) | 1777 (49.0) |
| Ever smoked | 1148 (32.5) | 1975 (55.6) | 598/3621 (16.5) |
| Current smoker | 355 (9.8) | 727/3550 (20.6) | 559/3621 (15.8) |
| Current biomass exposurea | 187 (5.3) | 16/3549 (0.5) | 2966/3608 (82.2) |
| BMI, mean (SD)b | 25.98 (4.1) | 29.67 (4.7) | 23.11 (4.7) [n = 3611] |
| Education | |||
| Never attended | 1686 (47.7) | 133/3545 (3.8) | 744/3605 (20.6) |
| Primary school completed | 464 (13.1) | 720/3545 (20.3) | 625/3605 (17.3) |
| Secondary/high school completed | 566 (16.0) | 1599/3545 (45.1) | 186/3605 (5.2) |
| Employment | |||
| Employed | 2522/2925 (86.2) | 1964/2793 (70.3) | 3136/3254 (96.4) |
| Unemployed | 68/2925 (2.3) | 137/2793 (4.9) | 49/3254 (1.5) |
| Other | 335/2925 (11.5) | 692/2793 (24.8) | 42/3254 (1.3) |
| Household size, mean (SD) | 5.13 (2.5) [n = 3553] | 4.93 (2.3) [n = 3550] | 4.85 (2.8) [n = 3621] |
| EQ-5Dc | 0.89 (0.2) | 0.78 (0.2) [n = 3549] | 0.92 (0.1) n = 3603] |
| Questionnaires, mean (SD)d | |||
| CAPTURE | 2.21 (1.4) | 1.43 (1.2) [n = 3549] | 1.28 (1.3) [n = 3604] |
| COLA-6 | 2.01 (1.3) | 1.82 (1.2) [n = 3545] | 2.89 (1.2) [n = 3578] |
| LFQ | 20.14 (2.9) | 19.73 (2.7) [n = 3548] | 20.40 (2.7) [n = 3604] |
| Medical history | |||
| Self-report asthma | 131 (3.7) | 255/3550 (7.2) | 27/3622 (0.8) |
| Self-report COPD | 55 (1.6) | 5/3549 (0.1) | 3/3622 (0.1) |
| Confirmed COPDe,f | 642 (18.2) | 97/3550 (2.7) | 261/3580 (7.3) |
| COPD severity | |||
| 1 (mild) | 218 (33.9) | 50 (51.5) | 77 (29.5) |
| 2 (moderate) | 310 (48.3) | 33 (34.0) | 149 (57.1) |
| 3 (severe) | 97 (15.1) | 12 (12.4) | 29 (11.1) |
| 4 (very severe) | 17 (2.7) | 2 (2.1) | 6 (2.3) |
| GOLD stagingg | |||
| A (low risk, fewer symptoms) | 453 (70.6) | 23 (23.7) | 30/260 (11.5) |
| B (low risk, more symptoms) | 175 (27.3) | 62 (63.9) | 140/260 (53.2) |
| C (high risk, fewer symptoms) | 2 (0.3) | 0 | 14/260 (5.3) |
| D (high risk, more symptoms) | 12 (1.87) | 12 (12.37) | 76/260 (29.3) |
| COPD Assessment Test, mean (SD)h | 7.32 (5.7) [n = 632] | 14.31 (7.0) [n = 91] | 20.89 (6.69) [n = 219] |
| mMRCi | |||
| 0 (better) | 249 (38.8) | 47 (48.5) | 121 (46.4) |
| 1 | 324 (50.5) | 36 (37.1) | 91 (34.9) |
| 2 | 56 (8.7) | 12 (12.4) | 34 (13.0) |
| 3 | 10 (1.6) | 2 (2.1) | 13 (5.0) |
| 4 (worse) | 3 (0.5) | 0 | 2 (0.8) |
| Exacerbations, median (IQR), yj | 0 (0-0) | 0 (0-1) | 0 (0-3) [n = 260] |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; CAPTURE, COPD Assessment in Primary Care to Identify Undiagnosed Respiratory Disease and Exacerbation Risk; COLA-6, COPD in Low- and Middle-Income Countries Assessment; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; EQ-5D, EuroQol 5D; GOLD, Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease; LFQ, Lung Function Questionnaire; mMRC, Modified Medical Research Council Dyspnea Scale.
Individual use of biomass fuel daily for cooking, heating, or both, indoors or outdoors.
Calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared.
EuroQol (EQ-5D-3L and EQ-5D-5L) has a range from 0 to 100, with higher scores conferring higher health-related quality of life.
CAPTURE uses a score 5 or more as high risk, or an intermediate score (2-5) with low peak expiratory flow (<250 L/min for women or <350 L/min for men) as high risk (range, 0-6); COLA-6 uses a score of 4 or more to be at risk for airflow obstruction (range, 0-5); LFQ uses a score of 18 or less to be at risk for airflow obstruction (range, 0-25).
Unweighted results.
COPD defined by airflow obstruction on postbronchodilator spirometry.
GOLD stage only reported for participants with confirmed COPD determined by highest CAT or mMRC score and exacerbations.4
Range, 0-40, with higher scores representing higher disease severity.
Range, 0-4, with higher scores representing more severe breathlessness.
Respiratory infections per year.