Table 1.

Summary of the protective effect and mechanism of ginsenoside Rb₁ on cerebral ischemia-related injury.

Model	Inducer/Method	Animal/Cell	Effects	Mechanisms	Reference
Cerebral ischemia, pseudo-germ-free	MCAO, Intragastrical administration of neomycin sulfate combined with streptomycin	Sprague-Dawley rats	↓IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α	Regulation of Lactobacillus helveticus abundance and GABAA receptor	[16]
Cerebral ischemia	Middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO)	C57BL/6 J mice	↓NADPH, ROS, NOX-1; ↑GSH	↓ERK	[22]
Cerebral ischemia/reperfusion	MCAO	C57BL/6 mice	Axonal regeneration	↑cAMP/PKA/CREB	[15]
Cerebral ischemia/reperfusion	MCAO	Sprague-Dawley rats	↓Infarct size, Neurological deficit scores; Blood Brain Barrier (BBB) permeability	↓Cx43, AQP4 (cerebral)	[13]
Traumatic Brain Injury	Craniotomy	Wistar rats	↓Brain infarct volume, Brain edema, Neuronal deficit	↓ERK1/2, Cx40	[14]
Cerebral ischemia/reperfusion	MCAO	Wistar rats	↓Infarct size, Caspase-3, Caspase-9, TNF-α, IL-6, NO, iNOS	↓HMGB1, NF-κB	[23]
Abnormal hippocampal microenvironment	Microperfusion of L-Glu and Ca2+ in the rat hippocampus	Sprague-Dawley rats	↓Glu, Cyt-C; Increased the regional cerebral blood flow and the stability of neuronal ultrastructure in the hippocampal CA1 region and improved the adaptability of neurons	↑GLT-1, ↓NMDAR	[21]
Artificial Abnormal Hippocampal Microenvironment	Microperfusion of L-Glu and Ca2+ in the rat hippocampus	Sprague-Dawley rats	Alleviated Memory Deficit; Morphological Changes in Hippocampus	↑P-Akt/P-mTOR; ↓P-PTEN	[20]

Abbreviations are as shown in the literature. (↓), down-regulation or inhibition; (↑), up-regulation or activation.