Table 2.

Summary of the protective effect and mechanism of ginsenoside Rb₁ on spinal cord ischemic injury.

Model	Inducer/Method	Animal/Cell	Effects	Mechanisms	Reference
Spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury	Oxygen-glucose deprivation/Reoxygenation-induced	Primary astrocytes	↑BDNF, NGF	↑AQP4 (spinal cord)	[35]
Spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury	Abdominal aortic occlusion	Sprague-Dawley rats	↓ Neural cell Apoptosis in the spinal cord, Improved hindlimb locomotor dysfunction	↓ Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, Caspase-3 and p-Ask-1	[30]
Spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury	Abdominal aortic occlusion	Sprague-Dawley rats	↓Apoptosis; improves impaired nerve function	Restore the expression level of AQP4 in the spinal cord	[34]
Compressive Spinal Cord Injury	Laminectomy of the lower thoracic cord (Th12) vertebrae;	Wistar rats	Ameliorated Basso-Beattie Bresnahan score, Improved rearing activity and increased neural density	↑Bcl-xL, VEGF	[32]
Oxidative stress injury in rat spinal cords	The T10 chest segment was exposed and injured with a heavy hammer	Sprague-Dawley rats	↓MDA; ↑SOD, CAT, GSH	↑eNOS/Nrf2/HO-1	[51]
Spinal Cord Injury	Four-level T7-T10 laminectomy	Sprague-Dawley rats; PC12	↓Neuronal Apoptosis and autophagic	↓Autophagy	[25]
Spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury	Artery occlusion	Sprague-Dawley rats	↑SOD, Survivin protein; ↓Apoptosis, Oxidative stress, MDA	↑SOD, Survivin protein	[31]
Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis	MBP68−82-Induced Acute EAE Model	C57BL/6 mice	Decreased behavioral impairment	Suppressing Th1 and Th17 Cells and Upregulating Regulatory T Cells	[26]