Table 3.

Summary of the role and mechanism of ginsenoside Rb₁ in anti-Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, etc.

Model	Inducer/Method	Animal/Cell	Effects	Mechanisms	Reference
AD	Aβ	SH-SY5Y cells	↓PARP-1, Bax	Predict CAP1, CAPZB, TOMM40, and DSTN proteins	[38]
Memory deficit	SAMP8 mice	SAMP8 mice	Attenuate memory deficits	Nervous system development and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway	[42]
AD	Hippocampal CA1 injection of soluble Aβ1-40	Sprague-Dawley rats	↑ Memory capability	↓Bax, Caspase-3; ↑Bcl-2	[39]
AD	Hippocampal injection of soluble Aβ1-40	Sprague-Dawley rats	Increases the percentages of positive cells of neural astrocytes and neuronal	Promote the proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells	[40]
AD	Aβ1-40-lesioned	Kun Ming mice	Restore cognitive function, Aβ accumulation	Regulate lecithin, amino acid, sphingolipid metabolism	[41]
Cognitive Dysfunction	Isoflurane surgery	C57BL/6 J mice	↑ PSD-95; ↓ ROS, IL-6, TNF-α; Attenuated synapse dysfunction	Oxidative stress and neuroinflammation associated mechanisms	[43]
PD	α-synuclein	BE (2)-M17 cells	↑Cell viability	Inhibits fibrillation and toxicity of α-synuclein and disaggregates preformed fibrils	[47]
PD	MPTP	C57BL/6 mice	Ameliorate motor deficits; Prevents DA neuron death; Suppresses α-synuclein expression and astrogliosis	Nuclear translocation of NF-κB, Promotion of glutamate transporters	[46]
Memory deficit/PD	MPTP	C57BL mice	Prevent memory deficits; ↑ Glutamate transporter GLT-1	Transynaptic α-synuclein/PSD-95 pathway	[45]
Blood-Brain Barrier Damage	METH and HIV-1 Tat protein	Sprague-Dawley rats	Alleviate Blood–Brain Barrier Damage	↓MDA; ↑ GSH, SOD Anti-oxidation	[44]