Table 4.

Summary of the protective effects of ginsenoside Rb₁ on nerve cells and its anxiolytic and depressive effects.

Model	Inducer/Method	Animal/Cell	Effects	Mechanisms	Reference
Oxidative stress-mediated neurotoxicity in neuronal model	Rotenone	SH-SY5Y cells	↓ROS, TBARS, Caspase-3 and Bax; ↑Bcl-2, SOD	↑Nrf2	[50]
Acute immobilization stress	Immobilization stress	Sprague-Dawley rats	Reverse acute immobilization stress	↑BDNF/TrkB; ↓CORT, ACTH	[54]
Post-traumatic stress disorder	Single prolonged stress	Sprague-Dawley rats	Ameliorate behavior of anxiety	↑BDNF, Hypothalamic neuropeptide Y, Locus coeruleus tyrosine hydroxylase; ↓CORT	[55]
Brain injury, neuron injury	Pentylenetetrazol -induced, Mg2+ free-induced	Sprague-Dawley rats, Hippocampal neurons	↑Nrf2, HO-1, Bcl-2; ↓ iNOS, LC3	↑Nrf2/ARE	[53]
Neuronal acute inflammatory nociception	Formalin	Sprague-Dawley rats	↓Spinal c-Fos expression, p-ERK	↑Nrf2; ↓NF-κB, ERK	[52]
Chronic unpredicted mild stress	10 various stressors in random order	Wistar rats	↑5-HT, 5-HIAA, NE, DA	Mediated by central neurotransmitters of serotonergic, noradrenergic and dopaminergic systems	[56]
Chronic unpredicted mild stress	10 various stressors in random order	Institute of cancer research (ICR) mice	↑5-HT, 5-HIAA, NE, DA, GABA; ↓Glutamate	Both monoaminergic and aminoacidergic receptors may be involved in the antidepressant-like effect	[57]