Table 5.

Summarized the effects and mechanisms of ginsenoside Rb₁ on cardio protection, mainly including myocardial ischemia-reperfusion, Hypoxia/Ischemia, Hypoxia/Reoxygenation.

Model	Inducer/Method	Animal/Cell	Effects	Mechanisms	Reference
I/R	Coronary artery ligation	Sprague-Dawley rats	↓Infarct size, Cardiomyocyte injury, Apoptosis; ↑Blood flow, ATP	↓RhoA/ROCK1	[65]
I/R	Coronary artery ligation	Sprague-Dawley rats	↓TNF-α, Caspase-3, Apoptosis, Myocardial infarction size	↓p38αMAPK	[64]
I/R; Hypoxia/Reoxygenation	Langendorff technique; hypoxia (1 % O2) for 4 h, followed by 1 h reoxygenation	ICR-mice; Sprague-Dawley rats; Primary neonatal rat ventricular myocytes	↓Succinate, Glycolysis, Mitochondrial dysfunction, Apoptosis	↓HIF-1α, CPT1; ↑PDH	[67]
I/R; Hypoxia/Reoxygenation	Langendorff technique; 95 % N2 and 5 % CO2 for 20 min	Sprague-Dawley rats, Neonatal rat cardiomyocytes	↓Infarct size, Cell viability, LDH, CK	↑Akt, GSK-3β; ↓Mitochondrial permeability transition pore	[68]
I/R	Coronary artery ligation	Sprague-Dawley rats	↓Myocardial enzymes (CK-MB and Trop l) and CtsB, Infarct size	↑mTOR	[111]
Hypoxia	CoCl2	Neonatal rat cardiomyocytes	↑Cell viability, ↓Autophagy	↓AMPK	[58]
Hypoxia/Reoxygenation	In sealed airtight culture bag	H9C2	↓LDH, ROS, Cleaved-Caspase-3	Prevents the continuous opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore, Stabilizes the mitochondrial membrane potential	[66]
Hypoxia/Eoxygenation	In anaerobic glove box	H9C2	↑SOD, GSH-px, CAT; ↓MDA, ROS, LDH ↓Apoptosis	↓Caspase-3, 8, 9; Estrogen receptor-dependent crosstalk among the Akt, JNK, and ERK 1/2	[62]
Hypoxia/Ischemia	W-Zip package (Oxide Anaerobe Pouch System)	Neonatal rat cardiomyocytes	↑Cell viability; ↓Autophagy	↑miR-29a, miR-208; ↓miR-21, miR-320	[59]
Hypoxia/Ischemia	Induced with the MGC AnaeroPack System in AnaeroPack jar	Neonatal rat cardiomyocytes	↑Cell viability; ↓Apoptosis	↑miR-208; ↓NLK	[60]