Table 2.

Risk factors for hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia crises among patients with diabetes and ESKD on dialysis: 2013–2017

	Hypoglycemia			Hyperglycemia
	IRR	95% CI	P	IRR	95% CI	P
Age, years
18–44	Ref			Ref
45–64	0.46	0.43–0.47	<0.001	0.18	0.16–0.19	<0.001
65–74	0.36	0.34–0.38	<0.001	0.05	0.04–0.05	<0.001
≥75	0.35	0.33–0.37	<0.001	0.03	0.02–0.03	<0.001
Sex
Male	Ref			Ref
Female	1.09	1.06–1.12	<0.001	1.44	1.35–1.54	<0.001
Race/ethnicity
White	Ref			Ref
Black	1.1	1.08–1.15	<0.001	0.85	0.80–0.92	<0.001
Hispanic	0.85	0.83–0.89	<0.001	0.45	0.42–0.51	<0.001
Asian	0.66	0.62–0.72	<0.01	0.19	0.14–0.27	<0.001
American Indian or Alaska Native	0.83	0.75–0.93	0.001	0.32	0.22–0.47	<0.001
Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander	0.68	0.61–0.78	<0.001	0.20	0.14–0.30	<0.001
U.S. region
West	Ref			Ref
Midwest	1.17	1.13–1.23	<0.001	1.26	1.14–1.40	<0.001
Northeast	1.26	1.21–1.33	<0.001	1.35	1.21–1.51	<0.001
South	1.24	1.19–1.29	<0.001	1.10	1.01–1.22	0.03
Dialysis modality
Hemodialysis	Ref			Ref
Peritoneal	0.96	0.92–1.01	0.09	0.90	0.82–0.99	0.03
Comorbidities
Substance abuse	1.27	1.15–1.42	<0.001	1.52	1.23–1.90	<0.001
Tobacco use	1.35	1.28–1.43	<0.001	1.71	1.53–1.91	<0.001
Hypertension	0.93	0.90–0.98	0.002	0.79	0.72–0.89	<0.001
Ischemic heart disease	1.01	0.98–1.05	0.3	0.90	0.82–0.99	0.02
HF	0.96	0.94–0.99	0.01	0.85	0.79–0.92	<0.001
Cerebrovascular disease	1.05	1.02–1.10	0.006	1.05	0.95–1.1	0.32
Retinopathy	1.10	1.06–1.15	<0.001	1.35	1.26–1.47	<0.001
Amputations	1.20	1.13–1.27	<0.001	1.09	0.95–1.25	0.2
Peripheral vascular disease	1.08	1.04–1.13	<0.001	0.99	0.89–1.1	0.8
Glucose-lowering agents
Insulin	Ref			Ref
Noninsulin agents	0.66	0.64–0.69	<0.001	0.28	0.25–0.32	<0.001
No pharmacological therapy	0.60	0.59–0.63	<0.001	0.43	0.39–0.48	<0.001
Index year
2013	Ref			Ref
2014	0.90	0.88–0.93	<0.001	0.89	0.84–0.95	0.001
2015	0.84	0.82–0.87	<0.001	0.84	0.79–0.91	<0.001
2016	0.74	0.72–0.77	<0.001	0.76	0.71–0.83	<0.001
2017	0.69	0.68–0.72	<0.001	0.72	0.68–0.79	<0.001

Ref, referent.

^*Control group.