Table 1.
HR for the associations between history of GDM and overall CVD and specific CVD types among 1,002,486 Danish women, 1978–2016
| History of GDM | No. of CVD cases | Rate per 1,000 person-years | HR (95% CI) model 1 | HR (95% CI) model 2 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall CVDs | No GDM | 182,05 | 10.82 | 1.0 (Reference) | 1.0 (Reference) |
| GDM | 3,015 | 16.84 | 1.73 (1.67–1.80) | 1.40 (1.35–1.45) | |
| Type-specific CVDs | |||||
| Ischemic heart disease | No GDM | 23,537 | 1.27 | 1.0 (Reference) | 1.0 (Reference) |
| GDM | 508 | 2.51 | 2.61 (2.39–2.85) | 2.02 (1.85–2.21) | |
| Myocardial infarction | No GDM | 5,431 | 0.29 | 1.0 (Reference) | 1.0 (Reference) |
| GDM | 121 | 0.59 | 2.74 (2.29–3.29) | 2.35 (1.95–2.82) | |
| Cerebrovascular disease | No GDM | 17,091 | 0.92 | 1.0 (Reference) | 1.0 (Reference) |
| GDM | 256 | 1.26 | 1.65 (1.46–1.86) | 1.47 (1.30–1.67) | |
| Stroke | No GDM | 11,958 | 0.64 | 1.0 (Reference) | 1.0 (Reference) |
| GDM | 190 | 0.93 | 1.77 (1.53–2.04) | 1.65 (1.43–1.91) | |
| Ischemic stroke | No GDM | 9,328 | 0.50 | 1.0 (Reference) | 1.0 (Reference) |
| GDM | 162 | 0.79 | 2.00 (1.71–2.34) | 1.73 (1.48–2.02) | |
| Heart failure | No GDM | 3,804 | 0.20 | 1.0 (Reference) | 1.0 (Reference) |
| GDM | 84 | 0.41 | 2.80 (2.25–3.48) | 2.20 (1.76–2.74) | |
| Atrial fibrillation | No GDM | 7,083 | 0.38 | 1.0 (Reference) | 1.0 (Reference) |
| GDM | 95 | 0.46 | 1.68 (1.37–2.06) | 1.40 (1.14–1.72) | |
| Hypertensive disease | No GDM | 51,344 | 2.81 | 1.0 (Reference) | 1.0 (Reference) |
| GDM | 1,358 | 6.93 | 3.31 (3.14–3.50) | 2.63 (2.49–2.78) | |
| Deep vein thrombosis | No GDM | 8,621 | 0.46 | 1.0 (Reference) | 1.0 (Reference) |
| GDM | 166 | 0.81 | 1.92 (1.65–2.24) | 1.46 (1.25–1.70) | |
| Pulmonary embolism | No GDM | 4,349 | 0.23 | 1.0 (Reference) | 1.0 (Reference) |
| GDM | 76 | 0.37 | 1.81 (1.44–2.27) | 1.33 (1.06–1.68) | |
| Peripheral artery disease | No GDM | 2,763 | 0.15 | 1.0 (Reference) | 1.0 (Reference) |
| GDM | 51 | 0.25 | 2.52 (1.91–3.33) | 2.19 (1.65–2.90) | |
| CABG or PCI | No GDM | 3,569 | 0.19 | 1.0 (Reference) | 1.0 (Reference) |
| GDM | 88 | 0.43 | 3.33 (2.69–4.11) | 2.89 (2.33–3.59) | |
| Other CVDs | No GDM | 117,375 | 6.73 | 1.0 (Reference) | 1.0 (Reference) |
| GDM | 15,78 | 8.27 | 1.27 (1.21–1.33) | 1.06 (1.00–1.11) |
Model 1: Follow-up time as time scale. Model 2: Follow-up time as time scale, controlled for time period of first delivery, parity, age at first delivery, education, smoking during pregnancy, cohabitation, residence, prepregnancy obesity, country of origin, maternal CVD history, and paternal CVD history.