Table 2.
The mediating role of type 2 diabetes in the association between history of GDM, overall CVD, and specific CVD types
| Outcome | HRTE* | HRCDE† | HRPE† | Proportion eliminated (%)† |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall CVD | 1.40 (1.35–1.45) | 1.31 (1.25–1.36) | 1.07 (1.05–1.10) | 23.3 (15.4–32.8) |
| Type-specific CVDs | ||||
| Ischemic heart disease | 2.02 (1.85–2.21) | 1.77 (1.57–1.99) | 1.14 (1.07–1.24) | 25.0 (13.7–37.1) |
| Myocardial infarction | 2.35 (1.95–2.82) | 1.83 (1.42–2.36) | 1.28 (1.05–1.53) | 38.3 (8.9–65.0) |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 1.47 (1.30–1.67) | 1.46 (1.26–1.70) | 1.01 (0.94–1.10) | 2.1 (0.0–30.7) |
| Stroke | 1.65 (1.43–1.91) | 1.59 (1.33–1.89) | 1.04 (0.97–1.14) | 10.1 (0.0–34.1) |
| Ischemic stroke | 1.73 (1.48–2.02) | 1.58 (1.30–1.93) | 1.09 (0.98–1.24) | 19.7 (0.0–51.6) |
| Heart failure | 2.20 (1.76–2.74) | 1.43 (1.02–2.00) | 1.54 (1.26–2.02) | 64.2 (38.9–100.0) |
| Atrial fibrillation | 1.40 (1.14–1.72) | 1.24 (0.96–1.61) | 1.13 (0.96–1.34) | 39.5 (0.0–100.0) |
| Hypertensive disease | 2.63 (2.49–2.78) | 2.08 (1.93–2.24) | 1.26 (1.21–1.33) | 33.8 (27.7–39.2) |
| Deep vein thrombosis | 1.46 (1.25–1.70) | 1.47 (1.23–1.75) | 0.99 (0.92–1.08) | — |
| Pulmonary embolism | 1.33 (1.06–1.68) | 1.37 (1.06–1.78) | 0.97 (0.88–1.10) | — |
| Peripheral artery disease | 2.19 (1.65–2.90) | 1.28 (0.81–2.02) | 1.71 (1.16–2.96) | 76.3 (23.4–100.0) |
| CABG or PCI | 2.89 (2.33–3.59) | 1.76 (1.24–2.48) | 1.65 (1.32–2.09) | 60.0 (38.3–88.7) |
| Other CVDs | 1.06 (1.00–1.11) | 1.07 (1.02–1.14) | 0.98 (0.96–1.00) | — |
Data are presented with the 95% CI.
Follow-up time as time scale, controlled for time period of first delivery, parity, age at first delivery, education, smoking during pregnancy, cohabitation, residence, prepregnancy obesity, country of origin, maternal CVD history, and paternal CVD history.
Follow-up time as time scale, controlled for type 2 diabetes, time period of first delivery, parity, age at first delivery, education, smoking during pregnancy, cohabitation, residence, prepregnancy obesity, country of origin, maternal CVD history, and paternal CVD history.
HRPE = (HRTE/HRCDE). Proportion eliminated = (HRTE − HRCDE)/(HRTE − 1), only present if the direction of CDE and PE was the same. The bootstrapped CIs for HRPE and proportion eliminated were obtained using 100 replicates.