Table 3.
Odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) for risk factor with hospital-acquired pneumonia during hospitalization in medical and surgical patients
| Characteristics | Medical | Surgical |
|---|---|---|
| Adjusted OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | |
| Age group | ||
| 20–29 | Reference | Reference |
| 30–39 | 1.26 (1.13–1.40) | 1.32 (0.97–1.80) |
| 40–49 | 1.26 (1.14–1.40) | 1.90 (1.44–2.52) |
| 50–59 | 1.53 (1.39–1.68) | 2.37 (1.81–3.09) |
| 60–69 | 2.01 (1.83–2.20) | 3.19 (2.45–4.15) |
| Over 70 | 3.34 (3.06–3.66) | 6.70 (5.17–8.70) |
| Sex, male | 1.33 (1.29–1.37) | 1.47 (1.37–1.57) |
| Poverty, yes | 1.03 (0.99–1.08) | 1.45 (1.31–1.60) |
| Asthma, yes | 1.77 (1.69–1.85) | 1.41 (1.27–1.58) |
| COPD, yes | 1.70 (1.60–1.80) | 1.20 (1.05–1.37) |
| Other chronic lower respiratory disease, yes | 1.86 (1.79–1.93) | 1.34 (1.22–1.47) |
| CKD, yes | 1.00 (0.93–1.07) | 1.34 (1.16–1.54) |
| Anemia, yes | 1.01 (0.96–1.07) | 1.20 (1.08–1.35) |
| Tube feeding, Yes | 3.01 (2.84–3.20) | 4.21 (3.82–4.64) |
| Suction, Yes | 2.40 (2.25–2.55) | 2.10 (1.92–2.31) |
| Positioning care, Yes | 1.71 (1.61–1.81) | 1.48 (1.34–1.63) |
| Mechanical ventilation, Yes | 1.76 (1.61–1.93) | 2.06 (1.85–2.29) |
| ICU admission | 1.05 (0.99–1.12) | 2.40 (2.17–2.67) |
| Location of hospital | ||
| Seoul metropolitan area | Reference | Reference |
| Other metropolitan area | 1.16 (1.06–1.27) | 1.11 (1.02–1.21) |
| Province | 1.17 (1.08–1.27) | 1.42 (1.31–1.54) |
| Type of hospital | ||
| Tertiary | Reference | Reference |
| General | 1.60 (1.45–1.77) | 1.27 (1.18–1.37) |
| Bed-to-nurse ratio* (n = 425,953) | ||
| Grade1 | Reference | Reference |
| Grade2 | 1.22 (1.11–1.34) | 1.09 (0.92–1.29) |
| Grade3 | 1.34 (1.21–1.48) | 1.27 (1.05–1.54) |
| Grade4 | 1.42 (1.26–1.60) | 1.46 (1.13–1.88) |
| Grade 5 | 1.43 (1.29–1.58) | 1.71 (1.44–2.04) |
| Hospitalization room (n = 504,279) | ||
| ≤ 3 beds | Reference | Reference |
| 4 beds | 3.22 (2.86–3.62) | 3.65 (2.63–5.09) |
| 5 beds | 3.22 (2.87–3.61) | 3.91 (2.82–5.41) |
| 6 beds | 3.06 (2.74–3.42) | 3.53 (2.55–4.87) |
| Ward with or without caregiver† (n = 469,588) | ||
| With caregivers | 1.17 (1.10–1.25) | 1.15 (0.98–1.34) |
| Without caregivers | Reference | Reference |
| Year | ||
| 2016 | 1.30 (1.19–1.42) | 1.27 (1.17–1.37) |
| 2017 | 1.17 (1.01–1.27) | 1.09 (1.00–1.19) |
| 2018 | Reference | Reference |
Multivariable analysis was including age, sex, poverty, asthma, COPD, other chronic lower respiratory diseases, CKD, anemia, tube feeding, suctioning, positioning, surgery, mechanical ventilation, ICU admission, year of hospitalization, location of hospital, and type of hospital
CI confidence interval; CKD, chronic kidney disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; HAP, hospital-acquired pneumonia; ICU, intensive care unit; OR, odds ratio
*Bed-to-nurse ratio grade is defined as follows: tertiary hospitals are divided into the following grades: grade 1 (a bed-to-nurse ratio of less than 2.0), grade 2 (a bed-to-nurse ratio of 2.0–2.4), grade 3 (a bed-to-nurse ratio of 2.5–2.9), grade 4 (a bed-to-nurse ratio of 3.0–3.4), grade 5 (a bed-to-nurse ratio of 3.5–3.9), and grade 6 (a bed-to-nurse ratio of 4.0 or more). General hospitals are classified into the following grades: grade 1 (a bed-to-nurse ratio of less than 2.5), grade 2 (a bed-to-nurse ratio of 2.5–2.9), grade 3 (a bed-to-nurse ratio of 3.0–3.4), grade 4 (a bed-to-nurse ratio of 3.5–3.9), grade 5 (a bed-to-nurse ratio of 4.0–4.4), grade 6 (a bed-to-nurse ratio of 4.5–5.9), and grade 7 (a bed-to-nurse ratio of 6.0 or more)
†Ward without caregiver is where patients are cared for by the nursing staff only, and caregivers do not stay at the bedside