Table 3.
Relation between clinical manifestations and autoantibody subgroups in Swedish patients (n = 720)
| Clinical Manifestations | Subgroup 1 (Anti‐Ro/La; n = 226 [31.4%]) | Subgroup 2 (Antinucleosome/sm/DNA/RNP; n = 219 [30.4%]) | Subgroup 3 (Anti‐β2GP1/CL IgG/CL–IgM; n = 180 [25%]) | Subgroup 4 (Negative for 13 Autoantibodies; n = 95 [13.2%]) | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Percentage | P Value a | FDRp b | OR [95% CI] c | Percentage | P value a | FDRp b | OR [95% CI] c | Percentage | P value a | FDRp b | OR [95% CI] c | Percentage | P value a | FDRp b | OR [95% CI] c | |
| SLE clinical criteria | ||||||||||||||||
| ANA positivity | 98.2 | 0.72 | 0.75 | 0.84 [0.25‐3.28] | 99.5 | 0.22 | 0.72 | 3.72 [0.68‐69.34] | 98.3 | 0.93 | 0.95 | 0.94 [0.27‐4.36] | 96.8 | 0.26 | 0.61 | 0.46 [0.13‐2.15] |
| Butterfly erythema | 59.3 | 0.11 | 0.19 | 1.29 [0.89‐2.46] | 55.7 | 0.85 | 0.89 | 1.03 [0.74‐1.44] | 52.2 | 0.39 | 0.56 | 1.59 [0.96‐2.63] | 48.4 | 0.17 | 0.37 | 0.72 [0.47‐1.12] |
| Discoid skin lesions | 29.6 | 4.40 × 10−3 | 2.90 × 10−2 | 1.71 [1.18‐2.47] | 22.8 | 0.21 | 0.80 | 1.29 [0.86‐1.91] | 16.1 | 9.80 × 10−3 | 4.90 × 10−2 | 0.55 [0.35‐0.86] | 15.8 | 0.09 | 0.16 | 0.52 [0.28‐0.92] |
| Photosensitivity | 77 | 6.20 × 10−3 | 3.10 × 10−2 | 1.68 [1.16‐2.44] | 64.8 | 0.15 | 0.80 | 0.77 [0.54‐1.1] | 64.4 | 0.08 | 0.17 | 0.71 [0.49‐1.03] | 73.7 | 0.59 | 0.91 | 1.15 [0.76‐1.92] |
| Oral ulcers | 31.4 | 0.32 | 0.37 | 1.19 [0.84‐1.68] | 27.9 | 0.4 | 0.81 | 0.86 [0.59‐1.23] | 28.9 | 0.95 | 0.95 | 1.01 [0.69‐1.47] | 27.4 | 0.73 | 0.91 | 0.92 [0.55‐1.48] |
| Arthritis | 74.8 | 0.044 | 0.09 | 0.68 [0.46‐0.99] | 84 | 0.08 | 0.80 | 1.47 [0.96‐2.28] | 76.7 | 0.36 | 0.48 | 0.83 [0.55‐1.25] | 85.3 | 0.12 | 0.30 | 1.65 [0.93‐3.14] |
| Serositis | 43.8 | 0.86 | 0.86 | 0.97 [0.71‐1.34] | 45.2 | 0.43 | 0.81 | 1.14 [0.82‐1.59] | 38.3 | 0.05 | 0.14 | 0.70 [0.49‐0.99] | 52.6 | 0.08 | 0.28 | 1.47 [0.95‐2.29] |
| Nephritis | 23.4 | 2.34 × 10−5 | 4.60 × 10−4 | 0.46 [0.31‐0.65] | 46.1 | 6.00 × 10−3 | 0.12 | 1.61 [1.14‐2.26] | 38.9 | 0.15 | 0.22 | 1.31 [0.91‐1.87] | 33.7 | 0.77 | 0.91 | 1.1 [0.66‐1.70] |
| Seizures | 7.1 | 0.16 | 0.24 | 0.66 [0.36‐1.16] | 9.6 | 0.83 | 0.89 | 1.1 [0.59‐1.83] | 12.2 | 0.13 | 0.21 | 1.52 [0.87‐2.59] | 8.4 | 0.75 | 0.91 | 0.88 [0.36‐1.81] |
| Psychosis | 1.8 | 0.69 | 0.73 | 0.79 [0.22‐2.35] | 1.4 | 0.45 | 0.81 | 0.6 [0.13‐1.97] | 3.3 | 0.22 | 0.31 | 1.93 [0.64‐5.46] | 2.1 | 0.96 | 0.99 | 0.96 [0.15‐3.64] |
| Neurological criterium | 7.1 | 0.04 | 0.09 | 0.55 [0.3‐0.95] | 10.5 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 1 [0.58‐1.69] | 15 | 0.03 | 0.12 | 1.76 [1.05‐2.89] | 10.5 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.99 [0.46‐1.94] |
| Low platelets | 15 | 0.01 | 4.16 × 10−2 | 0.58 [0.37‐0.87] | 21.5 | 0.79 | 0.89 | 0.95 [0.63‐1.41] | 32.2 | 1.51 × 10−5 | 3.00 × 10−4 | 2.35 [1.59‐3.47] | 13.7 | 0.08 | 0.28 | 0.58 [0.3‐1.04] |
| Leucopenia | 54 | 0.01 | 4.51 × 10−2 | 1.49 [1.1‐2.1] | 49.3 | 0.69 | 0.89 | 0.93 [0.67‐1.3] | 47.8 | 0.84 | 0.89 | 1.03 [0.73‐1.46] | 31.6 | 2.00 × 10−3 | 2.16 × 10−2 | 0.48 [0.3‐0.76] |
| Lymphopenia | 40.7 | 0.3 | 0.37 | 1.18 [0.86‐1.64] | 41.1 | 0.54 | 0.89 | 1.1 [0.79‐1.54] | 38.9 | 0.72 | 0.85 | 1.1 [0.75‐1.51] | 25.3 | 8.00 × 10−3 | 5.28 × 10−2 | 0.51 [0.31‐0.83] |
| Hemolytic anemia | 4 | 0.016 | 0.05 | 0.41 [0.18‐0.81] | 9.1 | 0.35 | 0.81 | 1.33 [0.72‐2.38] | 11.1 | 0.05 | 0.14 | 1.83 [1‐3.24] | 6.3 | 0.63 | 0.91 | 0.8 [0.3‐1.8] |
| Hematological criterium | 69.9 | 0.19 | 0.25 | 1.26 [0.89‐1.78] | 68 | 0.61 | 0.89 | 0.91 [0.64‐1.3] | 71.1 | 0.12 | 0.21 | 1.34 [0.93‐1.96] | 51.6 | 2.00 × 10−3 | 2.16 × 10−2 | 0.5 [0.32‐0.78] |
| Vascular manifestations | ||||||||||||||||
| Any vascular event | 25.2 | 0.003 | 2.94 × 10−2 | 0.57 [0.4‐0.83] | 29.2 | 0.42 | 0.81 | 1.16 [0.8‐1.69] | 41.7 | 3.00 × 10−3 | 0.02 | 1.74 [1.2‐2.5] | 31.6 | 0.42 | 0.84 | 0.82 [0.5‐1.32] |
| Any arterial event | 16.4 | 0.02 | 0.06 | 0.6 [0.38‐0.92] | 18.3 | 0.24 | 0.80 | 1.31 [0.83‐2.02] | 25.6 | 0.11 | 0.21 | 1.41 [0.92‐2.16] | 23.2 | 0.72 | 0.91 | 0.90 [0.51‐1.55] |
| Ischemic heart disease | 9.3 | 0.45 | 0.50 | 0.81 [0.45‐1.4] | 9.6 | 0.19 | 0.80 | 1.48 [0.81‐2.64] | 10.6 | 0.79 | 0.88 | 0.92 [0.50‐1.63] | 12.6 | 0.82 | 0.91 | 0.92 [0.44‐1.82] |
| Ischemic cerebrovascular disease | 8.9 | 0.17 | 0.24 | 0.68 [0.39‐1.16] | 9.1 | 0.83 | 0.89 | 1.1 [0.6‐1.84] | 14.4 | 0.12 | 0.21 | 1.5 [0.89‐2.5] | 11.6 | 0.72 | 0.91 | 0.88 [0.42‐1.71] |
| Venous thromboembolism | 13.3 | 0.08 | 0.14 | 0.67 [0.42‐1.03] | 15.1 | 0.64 | 0.89 | 0.9 [0.57‐1.39] | 25 | 1.00 × 10−3 | 1.40 × 10−2 | 1.97 [1.29‐2.98] | 13.7 | 0.29 | 0.64 | 0.71 [0.37‐1.29] |
Abbreviations: β2GP1, β2 glycoprotein I; ANA, antinuclear antibody; CI, confidence interval; CL, cardiolipin; FDR, false discovery rate; OR, odds ratio; RNP, ribonucleoprotein; SLE, systemic lupus erythematosus.
Swedish patients (N = 720).
a
P value for the cluster as binary term in the logistic regression model.
b
Benjamini and Yekutieli (51) step‐up FDR control.
c
ORs and 95% CIs for the predictable variable: cluster (a binary term). In the logistic regression models, the clinical variable was considered the response variable, the predictable variable was the cluster status, and age and sex were included as covariables in the model.