FIG 1.

Schematic representation of the ACE2 molecule and positions of the studied SNP loci. (A) Structures of human ACE2 complexed with the spike proteins of SARS-CoV-2 (PDB code 6M0J), SARS-CoV (PDB code 2AJF), or HCoV-NL63 (PDB code 3KBH). ACE2 and the spike protein of each virus are colored in green and cyan, respectively. The residues of ACE2 at the interface with each spike protein are highlighted. (B) Coding region variants from gnomAD in the genes encoding ACE2 used in this study are indicated. The SNPs and the alteration of the amino acids in this study are shown. (C) Prediction of the interaction of coronavirus spike proteins with ACE2 variants. The ΔΔG for missense mutation was calculated by mCSM-PPI2 with PBD codes 2AJF (SARS-CoV spike complexed with human ACE2), 6M0J (SARS-CoV-2 spike complexed with human ACE2), or 3KBH (NL63-CoV spike complexed with human ACE2) as the model. The individual SNPs are named according to their identification numbers registered at the SNP database (dbSNP). The allele frequency of SNPs are as referenced in gnomAD database.