TABLE 1.
Cytokine and chemokine analysis following SARS-CoV-2 infection in the lungs of hACE2 KI mice
| Cytokine or chemokine |
Cytokine or chemokine protein levela |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mock |
3 dpi |
7 dpi |
||||||
| Mean (pg/mL) |
SD | Mean (pg/mL) |
SD | Significance compared to mock |
Mean (pg/mL) |
SD | Significance compared to mock |
|
| Eotaxin | 59.9 | 1.6 | 224.3 | 41.1 | *** | 240.4 | 10.9 | *** |
| G-CSF | 1.0 | 0.2 | 1.7 | 1.0 | ns | 0.9 | 0.1 | ns |
| GM-CSF | 5.3 | 0.1 | 9.1 | 5.5 | ns | 4.1 | 0.9 | ns |
| IFN-γ | 2.0 | 0.1 | 3.0 | 0.9 | ns | 2.4 | 0.8 | ns |
| IL-1α | 63.0 | 1.8 | 83.8 | 23.9 | ns | 80.3 | 56.5 | ns |
| IL-1β | 1.1 | 0.1 | 1.8 | 0.5 | ns | 0.8 | 0.1 | ns |
| IL-2 | 14.8 | 1.1 | 3.7 | 1.6 | ** | 6.6 | 3.9 | * |
| IL-3 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 1.6 | 1.4 | ns | 0.3 | 0.1 | ns |
| IL-4 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 1.9 | 2.2 | ns | 0.2 | 0.0 | ns |
| IL-5 | 0.5 | 0.0 | 4.1 | 4.3 | ns | 0.3 | 0.1 | ns |
| IL-6 | 0.4 | 0.0 | 3.0 | 2.2 | ns | 0.8 | 0.1 | ns |
| IL-7 | 1.2 | 0.0 | 2.0 | 0.6 | ns | 1.7 | 0.2 | ns |
| IL-9 | 42.1 | 1.1 | 46.6 | 19.6 | ns | 43.2 | 5.8 | ns |
| IL-10 | 5.0 | 0.4 | 3.5 | 2.0 | ns | 2.9 | 1.2 | ns |
| IL-12p40 | 9.7 | 0.1 | 5.9 | 4.5 | ns | 7.7 | 4.1 | ns |
| IL-12p70 | ND | ND | 1.2 | 0.4 | NDt | 1.2 | ND | NDt |
| IL-13 | ND | ND | 0.8 | 0.6 | NDt | 0.6 | 0.1 | NDt |
| IL-15 | 4.7 | 0.1 | 16.2 | 6.9 | * | 8.6 | 2.6 | ns |
| IL-17 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.2 | ns | 0.1 | 0.0 | ns |
| CXCL10 | 15.5 | 0.9 | 176.5 | 53.5 | ** | 68.7 | 8.5 | ns |
| CXCL1 | 122.3 | 13.7 | 85.4 | 57.3 | ns | 94.2 | 66.6 | ns |
| LIF | 0.7 | 0.0 | 2.0 | 0.9 | ns | 1.1 | 0.2 | ns |
| LIX | 217.2 | 5.3 | 212.6 | 135.0 | ns | 239.4 | 91.4 | ns |
| CCL2 | 26.3 | 1.3 | 114.4 | 73.2 | ns | 48.3 | 5.8 | ns |
| M-CSF | 4.8 | 0.7 | 7.7 | 1.2 | ns | 6.2 | 1.0 | ns |
| CXCL9 | 2.9 | 0.7 | 456.2 | 685.6 | * | 164.2 | 34.3 | * |
| CCL3 | 594.9 | 24.6 | 79.4 | 30.4 | * | 349.1 | 240.8 | ns |
| CCL4 | 0.6 | 0.0 | 53.7 | 11.1 | *** | 27.2 | 7.5 | * |
| CXCL2 | 133.6 | 14.1 | 221.9 | 61.3 | ns | 147.3 | 9.7 | ns |
| CCL5 | 37.6 | 8.6 | 58.8 | 8.6 | ns | 86.0 | 16.8 | ns |
| TNF-α | 11.9 | 0.8 | 1.4 | 0.6 | *** | 2.6 | 2.5 | *** |
| VEGF | 79.3 | 4.3 | 192.1 | 29.8 | ns | 266.1 | 70.7 | ** |
a
Cytokine and chemokine protein levels in the lungs. n = 2 mock, n = 4 for all other groups. Statistical significance was measured by one-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s test comparing protein levels at day 3 or 7 after SARS-CoV-2 WA1/2020 infection to mock infection and is indicated as follows: ***, P < 0.001; **, P < 0.01; *, P < 0.05, ns, not significant. SD, standard deviation; ND, not detected; NDt, not determined.