Table 4.
Rare sugar | Health-related effects |
Side effects | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Healthy individuals | Obese/overweight individuals | Individuals with type 2 diabetes/borderline type 2 diabetes | |||
Allulose |
Acute: -reduced plasma glucose post-test meal58,59 -no effect on plasma glucose60 -increased FEE, decreased CEE58 Longer term: -reduced BF41 |
Long term: -Reduced BW3 -Reduced fat mass3 |
Acute: -Reduced glucose iAUC40 Longer term: -No effect on plasma glucose or insulin10 -Increased BF9 |
Diarrhea, abdominal pain, distension41 | |
L-arabinose |
Acute |
Longer term -reduced WC12 -reduced TC12 -reduced fasting plasma glucose12 |
Nausea, abdominal pain, diarrhea12,13 | ||
D-tagatose |
Acute -appetite suppression61 -lower glucose iAUC14 Longer term -no effect on plasms glucose levels18 |
Acute -reduced glucose iAUC15 Longer term |
Nausea, diarrhea, flatulence, bloating61,18–20 | ||
Trehalose |
Longer term -no effect on BW25 |
Acute -reduced rise in plasma glucose and insulin levels post–test meal21,22 (3) |
Bloating, flatulence, diarrhea22,25 | ||
Isomaltulose (palatinose) |
Acute -reduced plasma glucose post–test meal26,28,32 Longer term -reduced HOMA-IR35 |
Acute -reduced plasma glucose post–test meal27 Longer term -reduced BW33 |
Acute -reduced plasma glucose post–test meal30 Longer term -no effect on BW34 -reduced HOMA-IR34 |
Diarrhea, nausea, constipation34 |
Abbreviations: BF: body fat; BW: body weight; CEE: carbohydrate energy expenditure; FEE: fat energy expenditure; HbA1c: hemoglobin A1c; HOMA-IR: Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance; iAUC: incremental area under the curve; TC: total cholesterol; WC: waist circumference.