Table 4.
Univariate analysis of State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-Y) and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) scores
| STAI > 40 | STAI ≤ 40 | p value* | BDI > 13 | BDI ≤ 13 | p value* | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall | 672 (69.7%) | 292 (30.3%) | 316 (32.8%) | 648 (67.2%) | ||
| Gender | 0.13 | 0.19 | ||||
| Female | 526 (68.6%) | 241 (31.4%) | 259 (33.8%) | 508 (66.2%) | ||
| Male | 146 (74.1%) | 51 (25.9%) | 57 (28.9%) | 140 (71.1%) | ||
| Age (years) | 0.04 | 0.016 | ||||
| 21–30 | 79 (70.5%) | 33 (29.5%) | 32 (28.6%) | 80 (71.4%) | ||
| 31–40 | 142 (73.6%) | 51 (26.4%) | 54 (28.0%) | 139 (72.0%) | ||
| 41–50 | 187 (74.8%) | 63 (25.2%) | 82 (32.8%) | 168 (67.2%) | ||
| 51–60 | 214 (63.9%) | 121 (36.1%) | 131 (39.1%) | 204 (60.9%) | ||
| > 61 | 50 (67.6%) | 24 (32.4%) | 17 (23.0%) | 57 (77.0%) | ||
| Chronic diseases | 188 (67.9%) | 89 (32.1%) | 0.43 | 109 (39.3%) | 168 (60.7%) | 0.006 |
| Marital status | 0.15 | 0.20 | ||||
| Unmarried | 239 (71.3%) | 96 (28.7%) | 109 (32.5%) | 226 (67.5%) | ||
| Married | 362 (70.7%) | 150 (29.3%) | 159 (31.1%) | 353 (68.9%) | ||
| Divorced | 66 (60.5%) | 43 (39.5%) | 44 (40.4%) | 65 (59.6%) | ||
| Widowed | 5 (62.5%) | 3 (37.5%) | 4 (50.0%) | 4 (50.0%) | ||
| Living with someone at home | 564 (69.9%) | 243 (30.1%) | 0.78 | 256 (31.7%) | 551 (68.3%) | 0.11 |
| COVID-19 infection | 66 (70.2%) | 28 (29.8%) | 0.91 | 32 (34.0%) | 62 (66.0%) | 0.78 |
| Flatmates with COVID-19 infection | 96 (74.4%) | 33 (25.6%) | 0.21 | 48 (37.2%) | 81 (62.8%) | 0.25 |
| Self-isolation | 202 (65.4%) | 107 (34.6%) | 0.044 | 122 (39.5%) | 187 (60.5%) | 0.002 |
| Hospital | 0.38 | 0.70 | ||||
| COVID-19 wards | 524 (69.2%) | 233 (30.8%) | 245 (32.4%) | 512 (67.6%) | ||
| No COVID-19 wards | 127 (72.6%) | 48 (27.4%) | 54 (30.9%) | 121 (69.1%) | ||
| Occupation | 0.25 | 0.62 | ||||
| Frontline healthcare workers | 530 (68.8%) | 240 (31.2%) | 251 (32.6%) | 519 (67.4%) | ||
| Non-frontline healthcare workers | 71 (77.2%) | 21 (22.8%) | 34 (37.0%) | 58 (63.0%) | ||
| Non-healthcare workers | 71 (70.3%) | 30 (29.7%) | 31 (30.7%) | 70 (69.3%) | ||
| Site of work | 0.57 | 0.10 | ||||
| Ward (clinical or surgical) | 397 (69.9%) | 171 (30.1%) | 170 (29.9%) | 398 (70.1%) | ||
| Outpatient’s department | 139 (68.5%) | 64 (31.5%) | 74 (36.4%) | 129 (63.6%) | ||
| Laboratory | 61 (76.3%) | 19 (23.7%) | 33 (41.2%) | 47 (58.8%) | ||
| Offices | 75 (67.6%) | 36 (32.4%) | 38 (34.2%) | 73 (65.8%) | ||
| Shift workers | 295 (67.2%) | 144 (32.8%) | 0.12 | 153 (34.8%) | 286 (65.2%) | 0.21 |
| Workers in COVID-19 ward | 198 (69.9%) | 85 (30.1%) | 0.81 | 91 (32.2%) | 192 (67.8%) | 0.25 |
| Modified work schedules | 287 (70.2%) | 122 (29.8%) | 0.78 | 150 (36.7%) | 259 (63.3%) | 0.027 |
| Increased hours at work | 189 (67.7%) | 90 (32.3%) | 0.39 | 102 (36.6%) | 177 (63.4%) | 0.11 |
| Modified duties at work | 235 (71.7%) | 93 (28.3%) | 0.34 | 119 (36.3%) | 209 (63.7%) | 0.10 |
| Teleworking | 109 (80.2%) | 27 (19.8%) | 0.004 | 37 (27.2%) | 99 (72.8%) | 0.13 |
| Sleep disorders before the COVID-19 pandemic | 194 (69.3%) | 86 (30.7%) | 0.85 | 128 (45.7%) | 152 (54.3%) | < 0.001 |
| Sleep disorders during the COVID-19 pandemic | ||||||
| With drug use | 120 (68.2%) | 56 (31.8%) | 0.46 | 98 (55.7%) | 78 (44.3%) | < 0.001 |
| Without drug use | 363 (68.8%) | 165 (31.2%) | 187 (35.4%) | 341 (64.6%) | ||
| New-onset sleep disorders | 308 (68.3%) | 143 (31.7%) | 0.81 | 165 (36.6%) | 286 (63.4%) | 0.005 |
| Pre-existing sleep disorders | 175 (69.2%) | 78 (30.8%) | 120 (47.4%) | 133 (52.6%) | ||
*p-values from chi-square tests