TABLE 2.
HRs and 95% CIs for total and site-specific cancers according to the frequency of multivitamin use in men1
| Frequency of multivitamin use, number of times per week | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cancer site | Never | <3 | 3–6 | 72 | >73 | P-trend |
| Participants, n | 140,928 | 18,220 | 14,313 | 104,644 | 13,677 | |
| All cancers, n = 79,759 | 1.00 (ref.) | 0.97 (0.94–1.00) | 0.99 (0.95–1.02) | 1.02 (1.01–1.04) | 1.03 (1.00–1.07) | 0.002 |
| Oropharynx, n = 1400 | 1.00 (ref.) | 0.95 (0.76–1.20) | 0.80 (0.60–1.06) | 1.07 (0.95–1.21) | 1.13 (0.88–1.45) | 0.21 |
| Esophagus, n = 1012 | 1.00 (ref.) | 0.74 (0.55–0.99) | 0.67 (0.47–0.95) | 0.95 (0.82–1.10) | 0.81 (0.59–1.12) | 0.37 |
| Stomach, n = 1041 | 1.00 (ref.) | 0.86 (0.65–1.14) | 1.13 (0.85–1.51) | 1.01 (0.87–1.16) | 0.78 (0.55–1.09) | 0.79 |
| Colon, n = 4953 | 1.00 (ref.) | 0.90 (0.79–1.02) | 0.92 (0.79–1.05) | 0.93 (0.87–1.00) | 0.82 (0.70–0.96) | 0.009 |
| Rectum, n = 1852 | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.28 (1.06–1.53) | 1.05 (0.84–1.31) | 0.88 (0.79–0.98) | 1.06 (0.85–1.33) | 0.04 |
| Liver, n = 743 | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.06 (0.78–1.45) | 1.02 (0.70–1.47) | 1.12 (0.95–1.33) | 0.94 (0.64–1.38) | 0.34 |
| Pancreas, n = 1725 | 1.00 (ref.) | 0.86 (0.69–1.06) | 0.85 (0.66–1.09) | 0.96 (0.86–1.07) | 1.16 (0.93–1.45) | 0.999 |
| Lung, n = 8771 | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.02 (0.93–1.12) | 0.99 (0.89–1.10) | 1.08 (1.03–1.13) | 1.07 (0.96–1.20) | 0.003 |
| Prostate, n = 31,784 | 1.00 (ref.) | 0.96 (0.92–1.01) | 1.05 (1.00–1.11) | 1.03 (1.01–1.06) | 1.04 (0.98–1.10) | 0.005 |
| Bladder, n = 5531 | 1.00 (ref.) | 0.96 (0.85–1.08) | 1.00 (0.87–1.14) | 1.01 (0.95–1.08) | 1.02 (0.89–1.17) | 0.59 |
| Kidney, n = 2251 | 1.00 (ref.) | 0.85 (0.71–1.03) | 0.81 (0.65–1.00) | 0.92 (0.83–1.02) | 0.91 (0.73–1.13) | 0.10 |
| Thyroid, n = 393 | 1.00 (ref.) | 0.86 (0.54–1.38) | 0.82 (0.48–1.39) | 1.07 (0.85–1.36) | 1.16 (0.72–1.87) | 0.45 |
| Brain, n = 741 | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.23 (0.91–1.66) | 0.92 (0.63–1.33) | 1.09 (0.91–1.29) | 1.12 (0.78–1.60) | 0.41 |
| Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, n = 2819 | 1.00 (ref.) | 0.95 (0.81–1.12) | 0.95 (0.79–1.14) | 0.93 (0.85–1.02) | 1.00 (0.83–1.20) | 0.20 |
| Leukemia, n = 1892 | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.15 (0.94–1.40) | 1.12 (0.90–1.39) | 1.16 (1.04–1.29) | 1.26 (1.02–1.57) | 0.003 |
| Multiple myeloma, n = 949 | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.22 (0.95–1.57) | 0.78 (0.55–1.10) | 0.96 (0.82–1.11) | 0.81 (0.57–1.16) | 0.23 |
1
HRs and 95% CIs were calculated using Cox regression models adjusted for the following factors: age, BMI, education, self-reported health, physical activity, marital status, smoking status, race, alcohol use, diabetes, calcium supplement use, and Healthy Eating Index–2015 score.
2
One per day.
3
More than 1 multivitamin daily.