Table 1.
Clinical results of the enrolled medical records.
| Total (N) | Histopathology diagnosis | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Normal, n (%) | CIN1, n (%) | CIN2, n (%) | CIN3, n (%) | Cancer, n (%) | |||||||
| Cytology | |||||||||||
| NILM | 132 | 89 | 67.4 | 38 | 28.8 | 1 | 0.8 | 1 | 0.8 | 3 | 2.3 |
| ASC-US | 98 | 61 | 62.2 | 29 | 29.6 | 2 | 2.0 | 2 | 2.0 | 4 | 4.1 |
| AGC | 6 | 2 | 33.3 | 1 | 16.7 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 3 | 50.0 |
| LSIL | 32 | 10 | 31.3 | 16 | 50.0 | 2 | 6.3 | 2 | 6.3 | 2 | 6.3 |
| ASC-H | 9 | 3 | 33.3 | 5 | 55.6 | 1 | 11.1 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| HSIL | 17 | 2 | 11.8 | 1 | 5.9 | 2 | 11.8 | 4 | 23.5 | 8 | 47.1 |
| SCC | 52 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 1.9 | 51 | 98.1 |
| HPV test | |||||||||||
| Negative | 113 | 72 | 63.7 | 33 | 29.2 | 3 | 2.7 | 1 | 0.9 | 4 | 3.5 |
| HPV 16/18 positive | 129 | 43 | 33.3 | 23 | 17.8 | 4 | 3.1 | 5 | 3.9 | 54 | 41.9 |
| Other high-risk subtypes positive | 99 | 48 | 48.5 | 33 | 33.3 | 1 | 1.0 | 4 | 4.0 | 13 | 13.1 |
| Colposcopy findings by the human colposcopists | |||||||||||
| Normal | 163 | 107 | 65.6 | 46 | 28.2 | 4 | 2.5 | 2 | 1.2 | 4 | 2.5 |
| LSIL | 89 | 51 | 57.3 | 29 | 32.6 | 2 | 2.2 | 3 | 3.4 | 4 | 4.5 |
| HSIL | 34 | 8 | 23.5 | 14 | 41.2 | 1 | 2.9 | 2 | 5.9 | 9 | 26.5 |
| Cancer | 60 | 1 | 1.7 | 1 | 1.7 | 1 | 1.7 | 3 | 5.0 | 54 | 90.0 |
| AI system findings∗ | |||||||||||
| Negative | 152 | 121 | 79.6 | 27 | 17.8 | 2 | 1.3 | 0 | 0.0 | 2 | 1.3 |
| Positive | 194 | 46 | 23.7 | 63 | 32.5 | 6 | 3.1 | 10 | 5.2 | 69 | 35.6 |
| AI-assisted finding† | |||||||||||
| Negative | 101 | 85 | 84.2 | 13 | 12.9 | 1 | 1.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 2 | 2.0 |
| Positive | 245 | 82 | 33.5 | 77 | 31.4 | 7 | 2.9 | 10 | 4.1 | 69 | 28.2 |
| Total | 346 | 167 | 48.3 | 90 | 26.0 | 8 | 2.3 | 10 | 2.9 | 71 | 20.5 |
∗ A positive finding by the AI system indicated the finding of the images was classified as positive by the AI system alone. †A positive finding by the AI-assisted finding indicated the finding of the images was classified as positive either of the AI system or human colposcopists or both. AI, artificial intelligence; ASC-US, atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance; ASC-H, atypical squamous cells that cannot exclude high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion; AGC, atypical glandular cells; CIN, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia; HPV, human papillomavirus; HSIL, high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion; LSIL, low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion; NILM, negative for intraepithelial lesion or malignancy; SCC, squamous cell carcinoma.