Table 4.

PERMANOVA on Euclidean distance of 25 functional traits for 36 liana species from savanna (n = 19) and tropical seasonal rainforests (n = 17).

Source	d.f.	SS	MS	F	R2	P
Adonis (formula = species data ~ habitat type + leaf habit, data = group data, permutations = 1,000,000, method = ‘euclidean’)
Habitat type	1	10.988	10.988	9.5723	0.213	0.001
Leaf habit	1	2.495	2.495	2.1737	0.049	0.058
Residual	33	37.879	1.147		0.737
Total	35	51.362			1
Adonis (formula = species data ~ leaf habit + habitat type, data = group data, permutations = 1,000,000, method = ‘euclidean’)
Leaf habit	1	4.991	4.991	4.348	0.097	0.003
Habitat type	1	8.492	8.492	7.398	0.165	<0.001
Residual	33	37.879	1.147		0.738
Total	35	51.362			1

Note: d.f. is degrees of freedom, SS is sum of squares, MS is mean squares, F is the F value of the model, R² is variance explained and P is the P-value of model.