TABLE 1.
Selected maternal and child characteristics of included Project Viva mother–child pairs according to maternal first-trimester MDS-P and AHEI-P1
| Maternal MDS-P | Maternal AHEI-P2 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall | Low (0–3) (n = 423) | High (6–9) (n = 585) | Q1 (n = 395) | Q4 (n = 395) | |
| MDS-P | 4.9 ± 1.6 | 2.4 ± 0.8 | 6.8 ± 0.9 | 3.1 ± 1.5 | 6.5 ± 1.5 |
| AHEI-P | 60.6 ± 9.9 | 52.3 ± 8.1 | 68.0 ± 8.3 | 48.0 ± 4.5 | 73.6 ± 4.7 |
| Age, y | 32.1 ± 5.2 | 30.7 ± 5.9 | 33.1 ± 4.9 | 30.9 ± 5.9 | 33.1 ± 4.8 |
| Race/ethnicity | |||||
| White | 1087 (68.8) | 276 (65.3) | 436 (74.5) | 244 (61.9) | 289 (73.4) |
| Black | 238 (15.1) | 71 (16.7) | 70 (12.0) | 70 (17.8) | 47 (11.9) |
| Asian | 83 (5.3) | 16 (3.7) | 29 (4.9) | 16 (4.2) | 22 (5.7) |
| Hispanic | 106 (6.7) | 41 (9.7) | 33 (5.7) | 38 (9.5) | 25 (6.3) |
| Other | 66 (4.2) | 19 (4.6) | 17 (2.9) | 26 (6.7) | 11 (2.7) |
| Education | |||||
| Less than college degree | 506 (32.0) | 186 (44.0) | 130 (22.3) | 176 (44.5) | 72 (18.2) |
| 4-y college or more | 1074 (68.0) | 237 (56.0) | 455 (77.7) | 220 (55.5) | 323 (81.8) |
| Annual household income, $ | |||||
| ≤70,000 | 640 (40.5) | 208 (49.3) | 203 (34.8) | 195 (49.3) | 136 (34.3) |
| >70,000 | 940 (59.5) | 214 (50.7) | 382 (65.2) | 200 (50.7) | 259 (65.7) |
| Married or cohabitating | |||||
| Yes | 1455 (92.1) | 369 (87.4) | 555 (94.8) | 342 (86.6) | 383 (97.2) |
| No | 125 (7.9) | 53 (12.6) | 31 (5.2) | 53 (13.4) | 11 (2.8) |
| Prepregnancy BMI, kg/m2 | |||||
| <18.5 (underweight) | 49 (3.1) | 6 (1.5) | 23 (4.0) | 9 (2.3) | 14 (3.5) |
| 18.5–24.9 (normal) | 953 (60.3) | 239 (56.6) | 389 (66.4) | 220 (55.6) | 267 (67.7) |
| 25.0–29.9 (overweight) | 344 (21.8) | 102 (24.2) | 110 (18.9) | 96 (24.4) | 76 (19.4) |
| ≥30 (obese) | 234 (14.8) | 75 (17.8) | 63 (10.8) | 70 (17.7) | 37 (9.4) |
| Parity | |||||
| Nulliparous | 755 (47.8) | 185 (43.9) | 304 (51.9) | 170 (42.9) | 215 (54.4) |
| ≥1 | 825 (52.2) | 237 (56.1) | 281 (48.1) | 226 (57.1) | 180 (45.6) |
| Smoking status | |||||
| Never | 1090 (69.0) | 277 (65.5) | 417 (71.3) | 245 (62.1) | 293 (74.1) |
| Former | 312 (19.8) | 77 (18.3) | 136 (23.3) | 75 (18.9) | 82 (20.7) |
| During pregnancy | 178 (11.3) | 69 (16.2) | 32 (5.4) | 75 (18.9) | 20 (5.1) |
| Total energy intake | 2061 ± 693 | 1740 ± 563 | 2375 ± 710 | 1901 ± 640 | 2243 ± 668 |
| PPVT-III | 104.6 ± 15.5 | 101.8 ± 15.7 | 107.7 ± 15.7 | 101.8 ± 15.5 | 107.1 ± 16.3 |
| KBIT-II | 106.2 ± 15.1 | 102.6 ± 16.6 | 109.5 ± 17.1 | 103.2 ± 16.6 | 109.0 ± 16.9 |
| HOME-SF score | 18.3 ± 2.4 | 17.8 ± 2.7 | 18.8 ± 2.5 | 17.8 ± 2.8 | 18.8 ± 2.4 |
| Child sex | |||||
| Male | 810 (51.3) | 216 (51.1) | 289 (49.4) | 194 (49.1) | 193 (48.8) |
| Female | 770 (48.7) | 207 (48.9) | 296 (50.6) | 201 (50.9) | 202 (51.2) |
| Gestational age, wk | 39.5 ± 2.0 | 39.4 ± 1.9 | 39.6 ± 1.8 | 39.4 ± 1.8 | 39.5 ± 1.9 |
| Birth-weight-for-gestational-age z score | 0.19 ± 0.79 | 0.24 ± 1.03 | 0.17 ± 0.99 | 0.20 ± 1.05 | 0.11 ± 0.94 |
| Breastfeeding at 6 mo | |||||
| Formula only, never breastfed | 173 (10.9) | 74 (17.4) | 29 (5.0) | 72 (18.2) | 22 (5.5) |
| Formula only, weaned | 591 (37.4) | 200 (47.4) | 172 (29.4) | 175 (44.3) | 126 (31.8) |
| Mixed formula and breast milk | 402 (25.5) | 77 (18.3) | 171 (29.3) | 84 (21.3) | 108 (27.3) |
| Breast milk only, no formula | 414 (26.2) | 71 (16.9) | 212 (36.3) | 64 (16.2) | 140 (35.5) |
1
n = 1580. Values are n (%) or mean ± SD. AHEI-P, Alternate Healthy Eating Index modified for pregnancy; HOME-SF, Home Observation Measurement of the Environment-Short Form; KBIT-II, Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test, Second Edition; MDS-P, Mediterranean diet score modified for pregnancy; PPVT-III, Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, Third Edition; Q, quartile.
2
Median (range) maternal AHEI-P, for each quartile: Q1 = 48.960 (30.767–53.614), Q2 = 57.173 (53.616–60.242), Q3 = 63.847 (60.248–67.412), and Q4 = 72.773 (67.414–88.232).