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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Jan 13.
Published in final edited form as: Semin Cell Dev Biol. 2020 Jun 12;111:52–59. doi: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.05.025

Figure 3. Circuit Network Formation and Vascularization.

Figure 3.

Neuronal activity and maturation of circuits within hNOs can be measured using multielectrode arrays (MEAs) to detect the spatial and temporal patterns of neuronal activity. An increase in electrophysiological activity over culture duration and the presence of oscillatory waves indicates network formation and maturation. Human neural organoid (hNO) vascularization can be achieved upon invasion of host vasculature after implantation or using co-differentiated or supplemented endothelial cells in vitro.