Table 2.

Distribution of serum analyte levels among cases and controls.^a

Metabolite, μmol/L	Controls (n = 519)	Cases (n = 173)	P valueb
Choline	13.1 (11.0–16.0)	13.9 (12.1–16.9)	0.003
Carnitine	41.0 (34.0–48.3)	42.3 (36.2–50.5)	0.03
Betaine	42.8 (35.6–54.0)	46.1 (37.3–54.7)	0.46
γ-Butyrobetaine	0.63 (0.53–0.79)	0.67 (0.56–0.82)	0.29
Crotonobetaine	0.07 (0.06–0.09)	0.07 (0.06–0.10)	0.34
TMAO	3.63 (2.46–5.72)	4.00 (2.92–6.21)	0.07
PAGln	1.75 (0.96–3.03)	2.13 (1.27–3.40)	0.002
Hippuric acid	2.38 (1.07–4.99)	2.66 (1.21–5.00)	0.99
P-cresol sulfate	15.0 (7.5–27.6)	19.7 (10.6–31.7)	0.01

Note: Bold values denote P values < 0.05.

Abbreviations: IQR, interquartile range; PAGln, phenylacetylglutamine; TMAO, trimethylamine N-oxide.

^aSerum analyte concentrations are presented as median (IQR).

^bCalculated using univariate logistic regression modeling conditioned on case status.