Fig. 2.

Graphical description of the five novel exerkines' framework. The source of release of miR-1192 is still under debate; miR-342-5p is released by vascular endothelial cells and stuffed into circulating vesicles; apelin is released by adipose and muscle cells; oxytocin is released by posterior pituitary gland and muscle cells, and likely acts through autocrine and paracrine processes; GDF-15 is released from heart and likely from other sources, but not from muscles. Both miR-1192, apelin and GDF-15 are transported by blood stream. The main target of both miR-1192 and miR-342-5p is heart, the one of both apelin and oxytocin is muscle, while the target of GDF-15 is still unclear