Table 3.

Description and key references of sixteen global climatic drivers.

Global climatic drivers	Abbreviation	Primitive elements	Key references
Polar/Eurasia Pattern	POL	Primitive element: geopotential height field	Barnston et al.54
Dipole Mode	DMI	Primitive element: sea surface temperature	Saji et al.55
Arctic Oscillation	AO	Primitive element: sea level pressure	Thompson et al.56
Antarctic Oscillation	AAO	Primitive element: geopotential height field	Gong et al.57,58
Western Pacific Pattern	WP	Primitive element: geopotential height field	Wallace et al.59 Barnston et al.54
East Atlantic/Western Russia Pattern	EA/WR	Primitive element: geopotential height field	Barnston et al. 54
Pacific/North American Pattern	PNA	Primitive element: geopotential height field	Blackmon et al.60
Pacific Decadal Oscillation	PDO	Primitive element: sea surface temperature	Newman et al61
East Pacific/North Pacific Oscillation	EP/NP	Primitive element: geopotential height field	Bell et al.62
Multivariate ENSO Index	MEI	Primitive elements: sea level pressure, sea surface temperature, surface zonal winds, surface meridional winds, and outgoing longwave radiation	Wolter et al.63–65
Oceanic Niño Index	ONI	Primitive element: sea surface temperature	Huang et al.66
Atlantic multidecadal Oscillation	AMO	Primitive element: sea surface temperature	Enfield et al.67
North Atlantic Oscillation	NAO	Primitive element: sea level pressure	Wallace et al.59 Barnston et al.54 Hurrell68
East Atlantic Pattern	EA	Primitive element: geopotential height	Wallace et al.59 Barnston et al.54
Tropical Northern Atlantic Pattern	TNA	Primitive element: sea surface temperature	Enfield et al.69
Tropical Southern Atlantic Pattern	TSA	Primitive element: sea surface temperature	Enfield et al.69