Table 3.

Performance changes summary

Study	Medication	Performance measure	Performance effect
Dufka et al. [16]	Methamphetamine	Cycling	No effect on distance travelled (p = 0.81)	(−)
Altszuler et al. [18]	Methylphenidate	Badminton	Medication led to improved performance in knowledge in recreation condition. Only sportsmanship and effort improved on medication by counselor rating (p < .01). Sports training and medication both significantly improved rule violations (p < .05, p < .001)	(+)
King et al. [19]	Methylphenidate	Handgrip	Mean force over all trials significantly higher in methylphenidate group (p = 0.032)	(+)
Roelands et al. [20]	Methylphenidate	Cycling	Methylphenidate increased exercise performance in warm conditions (p = 0.049). Power output was greater in methylphenidate group (p = 0.028)	(+)
Cordery et al. [21]	Bupropion	Cycling	Total work significantly higher in bupropion trial (7.5 ± 9.6% increase; p = 0.042)	(+)
Piacentini et al. [22]	Bupropion	Cycling	No difference in exercise performance (time to compete target amount of work)	(−)
Roelands et al. [23]	Bupropion	Cycling	No significant differences in timed trial or max power output in bupropion trial versus placebo	(−)
Chandler and Blair [17]	Amphetamine	Multiple (cycling, running, strength)	Acceleration (p < 0.05), knee extension strength (p < 0.01), anaerobic capacity (p < 0.05), time to exhaustion (p < 0.01), all significantly increased	(+)
Mahon et al. [24]	Mixed	Cycling	Work rate (exercise intensity) at peak exercise significantly higher with medication (p < 0.05)	(+)

Summary of findings, with (+) indicating a significant difference identified and, (−) indicating no significant difference found