Table 1.
Characteristics of the Study Population Before Retirement and the Rate Ratios and Their 95% Confidence Limits (CLs) on Incidence of Psychological Distress
| Characteristics | N | %/mean (SD) | Rate ratio of psychological distress (95% CL) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Psychological distress | 3,338 | 1.27 (2.40) | |
| Gender | |||
| Men | 563 | 16.9 | 1.00 |
| Women | 2,775 | 83.1 | 1.18 (0.98, 1.43) |
| Age | 3,338 | 63.34 (1.37) | 0.92 (0.87, 0.97) |
| Occupational status | |||
| Upper grade nonmanual | 1,117 | 33.5 | 1.00 |
| Lower grade nonmanual | 1,027 | 30.8 | 1.07 (0.90, 1.28) |
| Manual | 1,194 | 35.8 | 0.88 (0.74, 1.05) |
| Job demands | |||
| Low | 653 | 21.0 | 1.00 |
| Middle | 1,780 | 57.4 | 1.26 (1.05, 1.53) |
| High | 671 | 21.6 | 1.77 (1.42, 2.22) |
| Skill discretion | |||
| Low | 633 | 20.5 | 1.62 (1.27, 2.07) |
| Middle | 1,848 | 59.8 | 1.25 (1.02, 1.53) |
| High | 610 | 19.7 | 1.00 |
| Decision authority | |||
| Low | 657 | 21.2 | 2.52 (2.00, 3.17) |
| Middle | 1,726 | 55.6 | 1.74 (1.44, 2.11) |
| High | 721 | 23.2 | 1.00 |
| Job strain | |||
| No | 2,480 | 80.1 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 618 | 20.0 | 1.83 (1.53, 2.20) |
| Neighborhood socioeconomic disadvantage | |||
| Low | 1,208 | 38.8 | 1.00 |
| Middle | 1,423 | 45.7 | 1.06 (0.91, 1.24) |
| High | 486 | 15.6 | 1.20 (0.97, 1.50) |
| Neighborhood social cohesion | |||
| Low | 377 | 11.4 | 2.38 (1.90, 2.98) |
| Middle | 1,494 | 45.0 | 1.46 (1.25, 1.69) |
| High | 1,448 | 43.6 | 1.00 |
| Marital status | |||
| Married or cohabiting | 2,325 | 71.4 | 1.00 |
| Living alone | 930 | 28.6 | 1.33 (1.13, 1.55) |
| Social network size | |||
| Small | 459 | 13.8 | 1.94 (1.57, 2.39) |
| Middle | 1,322 | 39.8 | 1.27 (1.09, 1.48) |
| Large | 1,542 | 46.4 | 1.00 |
| Cumulative risks, psychosocial working conditions | |||
| 0 | 1,570 | 50.6 | 1.00 |
| 1 | 836 | 26.9 | 1.45 (1.22, 1.72) |
| ≥2 | 698 | 22.5 | 2.06 (1.71, 2.48) |
| Cumulative risks, social living environment | |||
| 0 | 1,682 | 50.4 | 1.00 |
| 1 | 1,161 | 34.8 | 1.22 (1.05, 1.42) |
| ≥2 | 495 | 14.8 | 2.07 (1.69, 2.53) |
| Cumulative risks, psychosocial working conditions, and social living environment | |||
| 0 | 959 | 29.0 | 1.00 |
| 1 | 1,021 | 30.9 | 1.14 (0.94, 1.37) |
| 2 | 646 | 19.5 | 1.57 (1.28, 1.93) |
| 3 | 374 | 11.3 | 2.05 (1.61, 2.61) |
| ≥4 | 307 | 9.3 | 2.89 (2.23, 3.74) |
| Alcohol risk use | |||
| No | 3,052 | 91.9 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 270 | 8.1 | 1.17 (0.90, 1.51) |
| Smoking | |||
| No | 2,983 | 91.2 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 289 | 8.8 | 1.38 (1.08, 1.76) |
| Physical activity | |||
| Low | 1,247 | 37.7 | 1.42 (1.23, 1.64) |
| High | 2,065 | 62.4 | 1.00 |
| Sleep difficulties | |||
| No | 2,398 | 72.0 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 931 | 28.0 | 2.27 (1.95, 2.63) |
| Work status | |||
| Full-time | 2,387 | 71.5 | 1.00 |
| Part-time work and/or retirement | 951 | 28.5 | 1.21 (1.03, 1.41) |
| Chronic diseases | |||
| 0 | 1,096 | 34.1 | 1.00 |
| 1 | 1,369 | 42.6 | 1.37 (1.16, 1.61) |
| >1 | 747 | 23.3 | 1.71 (1.41, 2.07) |
| Informal care | |||
| No | 2,785 | 85.0 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 491 | 15.0 | 1.15 (0.94, 1.40) |
Note: Analyses were adjusted for gender, age, and occupational status prior to retirement.