Table 2.
Changes in Psychological Distress During the Retirement Transition Period by Preretirement Psychosocial Working Conditions (A), Social Living Environment (B), and Cumulative Risk Factors (C)
| Term | Before retirement | Retirement transition | Before retirement | Retirement transition | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Relative changes | Absolute changes | |||||
| Average psychological distress (95% CL) | Interaction p | Rate ratio (95% CL) | Average psychological distress (95% CL) | Interaction p | Rate difference (95% CL) | |
| A. Psychosocial working conditions | ||||||
| Job demands, N = 3,104 | .016 | <.001 | ||||
| Low | 0.91 (0.76, 1.08) | 0.78 (0.64, 0.95) | 0.92 (0.76, 1.08) | −0.24 (−0.40, −0.08) | ||
| Middle | 1.17 (1.04, 1.30) | 0.68 (0.61, 0.77) | 1.19 (1.07, 1.31) | −0.39 (−0.51, −0.28) | ||
| High | 1.66 (1.44, 1.92) | 0.56 (0.49, 0.65) | 1.70 (1.48, 1.91) | −0.76 (−0.93, −0.58) | ||
| Skill discretion, N = 3,091 | .12 | .88 | ||||
| Low | 1.48 (1.26, 1.73) | 0.76 (0.64, 0.89) | 1.51 (1.29, 1.73) | −0.39 (−0.60, −0.18) | ||
| Middle | 1.18 (1.06, 1.31) | 0.65 (0.59, 0.72) | 1.20 (1.08, 1.32) | −0.45 (−0.55, −0.35) | ||
| High | 0.97 (0.81, 1.17) | 0.57 (0.46, 0.71) | 1.01 (0.83, 1.20) | −0.45 (−0.62, −0.28) | ||
| Decision authority, N = 3,104 | .026 | <.001 | ||||
| Low | 1.76 (1.52, 2.04) | 0.67 (0.58, 0.76) | 1.77 (1.54, 2.01) | −0.61 (−0.80, −0.41) | ||
| Middle | 1.25 (1.12, 1.39) | 0.62 (0.55, 0.69) | 1.26 (1.14, 1.39) | −0.50 (−0.61, −0.39) | ||
| High | 0.71 (0.60, 0.85) | 0.87 (0.71, 1.07) | 0.73 (0.60, 0.86) | −0.10 (−0.24, −0.04) | ||
| Job strain, N = 3,098 | .025 | <.001 | ||||
| No | 1.05 (0.95, 1.16) | 0.71 (0.64, 0.78) | 1.07 (0.97, 1.17) | −0.33 (−0.41, −0.24) | ||
| Yes | 1.89 (1.63, 2.18) | 0.58 (0.50, 0.67) | 1.90 (1.67, 2.14) | −0.83 (−1.04, −0.62) | ||
| B. Social living environment | ||||||
| Neighborhood socioeconomic disadvantage, N = 3,117 | .95 | .91 | ||||
| Low | 1.15 (1.02, 1.31) | 0.66 (0.58, 0.76) | 1.19 (1.05, 1.33) | −0.42 (−0.55, −0.29) | ||
| Middle | 1.21 (1.08, 1.36) | 0.66 (0.59, 0.75) | 1.25 (1.12, 1.39) | −0.45 (−0.58, −0.33) | ||
| High | 1.35 (1.13, 1.61) | 0.69 (0.58, 0.81) | 1.37 (1.14, 1.61) | −0.46 (−0.66, −0.27) | ||
| Neighborhood social cohesion, N = 3,319 | .43 | .007 | ||||
| Low | 2.11 (1.79, 2.47) | 0.68 (0.57, 0.81) | 2.17 (1.84, 2.49) | −0.72 (−1.04, −0.41) | ||
| Middle | 1.29 (1.16, 1.45) | 0.62 (0.56, 0,70) | 1.31 (1.18, 1.44) | −0.51 (−0.63, −0.40) | ||
| High | 0.91 (0.80, 1.03) | 0.70 (0.61, 0.80) | 0.93 (0.82, 1.05) | −0.31 (−0.42, −0.20) | ||
| Marital status, N = 3,255 | .49 | .48 | ||||
| Married or cohabiting | 1.13 (1.03, 1.25) | 0.64 (0.58, 0.71) | 1.17 (1.06, 1.27) | −0.43 (−0.53, −0.34) | ||
| Living alone | 1.46 (1.27, 1.67) | 0.68 (0.60, 0.77) | 1.49 (1.30, 1.68) | −0.50 (−0.66, −0.34) | ||
| Social network size, N = 3,323 | .17 | .031 | ||||
| Small | 1.86 (1.60, 2.17) | 0.61 (0.51, 0.72) | 1.91 (1.63, 2.20) | −0.75 (−1.00, −0.51) | ||
| Middle | 1.23 (1.09, 1.39) | 0.72 (0.64, 0.81) | 1.27 (1.13, 1.41) | −0.39 (−0.51, −0.26) | ||
| Large | 0.99 (0.88, 1.12) | 0.62 (0.54, 0.71) | 1.05 (0.93, 1.17) | −0.42 (−0.53, −0.31) | ||
| C. Cumulative risk factors | ||||||
| Psychosocial working conditions, N = 3,104 | .41 | <.001 | ||||
| 0 | 0.91 (0.80, 1.03) | 0.72 (0.63, 0.81) | 0.91 (0.80, 1.02) | −0.28 (−0.38, −0.18) | ||
| 1 | 1.32 (1.15, 1.52) | 0.63 (0.54, 0.75) | 1.35 (1.17, 1.53) | −0.49 (−0.67, −0.31) | ||
| ≥2 | 1.83 (1.59, 2.11) | 0.64 (0.56, 0.74) | 1.82 (1.60, 2.05) | −0.67 (−0.86, −0.48) | ||
| Social living environment, N = 3,338 | .71 | .048 | ||||
| 0 | 1.01 (0.90, 1.13) | 0.64 (0.56, 0.72) | 1.05 (0.94, 1.17) | −0.40 (−0.50, −0.29) | ||
| 1 | 1.22 (1.07, 1.38) | 0.69 (0.60, 0.78) | 1.25 (1.10, 1.40) | −0.41 (−0.54, −0.28) | ||
| ≥2 | 2.01 (1.73, 2.33) | 0.65 (0.56, 0.76) | 2.05 (1.77, 2.33) | −0.73 (−0.97, −0.48) | ||
| Psychosocial working conditions and social living environment, N = 3,307 | .57 | <.001 | ||||
| 0 | 0.89 (0.77, 1.03) | 0.64 (0.53, 0.76) | 0.91 (0.77, 1.04) | −0.34 (−0.47, −0.22) | ||
| 1 | 0.99 (0.86, 1.14) | 0.75 (0.64, 0.87) | 1.01 (0.88, 1.15) | −0.25 (−0.38, −0.12) | ||
| 2 | 1.38 (1.19, 1.59) | 0.64 (0.54, 0.76) | 1.39 (1.20, 1.59) | −0.52 (−0.71, −0.33) | ||
| 3 | 1.78 (1.48, 2.14) | 0.64 (0.53, 0.78) | 1.79 (1.49, 2.09) | −0.65 (−0.92, −0.37) | ||
| ≥4 | 2.44 (2.05, 2.90) | 0.63 (0.53, 0.75) | 2.40 (2.03, 2.77) | −0.90 (−1.22, −0.59) | ||
Notes: The adjusted rate ratios (multiplicative test) and rate differences (additive test) and their 95% confidence limits (CLs) are shown to represent an average of a 1-year change in psychological distress. Analyses were adjusted for gender, age, and occupational status prior to retirement.